Applicability of Bernoulli's principle to ideal gases

In summary, Bernoulli's equation is based on the principle of conservation of energy in incompressible fluid flow. However, there is a different version of the equation for compressible fluids, which takes into account adiabatic compression and has a coefficient with gammas in front of the pressure term. This version is more suitable for ideal gas fluids, but arguments can be made that an ideal fluid does not significantly compress if it is subsonic. This is often the case for real air flow around a typical wing, where the compression effect is minimal and can be ignored in simpler estimates.
  • #1
abeboparebop
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Bernoulli's equation as I understand it is an expression (or possibly a consequence) of conservation of energy in an incompressible fluid flow.

My question is: how can the "standard" Bernoulli's equation ever apply to an ideal gas?

Wikipedia gives a different version of Bernoulli's equation for a compressible fluid, which assumes adiabatic compression and has a coefficient with some gammas in front of the pressure term. Shouldn't this version always apply to an ideal gas fluid, and not the standard equation?

I understand that there are arguments that an ideal fluid basically doesn't significantly compress if it's significantly subsonic, but I don't see how these arguments affect the equation of state of the fluid, which is what tells us how the internal energy of the gas behaves.
 
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  • #2
An ideal fluid can mean that the fluid has zero viscosity as well as being incompressable. The zero viscosity part makes flows indeterminate, since there is no interaction between adjacent flows. Assuming a constant mass flow within a pipe, the entire cross-section of fluid could be moving at some relatively slow speed, or you could have a very small tube of flow moving at some relatively high speed, while surrounding fluid is not moving at all.

The reference to significantly sub-sonic flows normally applies to real air flow around a typical wing. The amount of compression effect (change in density) of air around a typical wing is 5% or less at mach 0.3, and much lower at slower speeds, so it can be ignored if just trying to get a ball park estimate on flows, and use the simpler form of Bernoulli's equation.
 

1. What is Bernoulli's principle?

Bernoulli's principle is a fundamental concept in fluid dynamics that states that as the speed of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases. This principle is applicable to both ideal gases and liquids.

2. How is Bernoulli's principle related to ideal gases?

Bernoulli's principle can be applied to ideal gases by considering the molecules of the gas as tiny particles that move and collide with each other. As the particles move faster, the pressure decreases, and vice versa.

3. What are some real-world examples of Bernoulli's principle in ideal gases?

One example is the flow of air over an airplane wing. As the air flows faster over the curved top of the wing, the pressure decreases, creating lift. Another example is the flow of air through a straw. As you suck on the straw, the air speed increases, causing the pressure to decrease, and the liquid is pushed up the straw.

4. Are there any limitations to the applicability of Bernoulli's principle to ideal gases?

Yes, Bernoulli's principle is based on certain assumptions, such as the fluid being incompressible and the flow being steady and inviscid. These assumptions may not hold true for all real-world situations, so the principle may not always accurately predict the behavior of ideal gases.

5. How is Bernoulli's principle used in engineering and technology?

Bernoulli's principle is used in various engineering applications, such as in the design of airplane wings, pipes, and pumps. It is also used in the development of technologies like wind turbines and carburetors. Understanding Bernoulli's principle is crucial in designing efficient and effective systems that involve the flow of gases.

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