HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-OC43 are the causative viruses of the so-called winter cold. There are fewer studies on neural disorders caused by these viruses than by SARS-CoV-1 or SARS-CoV-2. This is because, when the existence of these viruses was confirmed, they had already become established as the causative virus of the winter cold in human beings, and they were not paid much attention as research subjects.
Nevertheless, among these four viruses, HCoV-229E [
15] and HCoV-OC43 have been reported to cause neural disorders. HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 use aminopeptidase N [
16] and 9-O-acetylated sialic acids [
17] as receptors for adsorption. It has been reported that HCoV-OC43 may cause multiple sclerosis [
15] and encephalitis [
18,
19], and experiments have been conducted to infect neural cells in vitro [
20]. In addition, axonal transport is cited as a possible route of infection of the nervous system for HCoV-OC43 [
21].
MERS-CoV is a dromedary-hosted virus that was identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Even now, there are sporadic cases of MERS. MERS is a very serious and fatal disease with a case fatality rate of 35% [
13,
22]. However, it has also been reported that 0.15% of Saudi Arabians have anti-MERS-CoV antibodies [
23]; taking these potentially infected people into account, the case fatality rate can be estimated to be approximately 2%.
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) has been identified as a receptor for MERS-CoV infection [
24]; however, few reports have verified whether DPP4 is expressed in neural cells. Although neural disorders due to MERS-CoV infection have been reported [
25,
26], the low number of reports may be because DPP4 expression is not detectable in the nervous system. Thus, MARS-related neural disorders may be limited to those caused by systemic inflammation and angiopathy.
SARS-CoV-1 was identified in 2003 and causes SARS [
14], which is a serious disease with a case fatality rate of up to 10–20%. There is a case report that SARS causes neural disorders [
27], and there is also a report that SARS-CoV-1 caused neural cell death in an experiment using mice [
28]. The receptor for SARS-CoV-1 is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is the same as that for SARS-CoV-2 [
29]. As described later, there are some reports showing that ACE2 is expressed in neural cells, and SARS-CoV-1 may thus directly infect neural cells and cause neural disorders.