To calculate the voltage produced by a solar cell, it is primarily determined by the current, temperature, and the number of cells in series. Each solar cell typically generates about 0.6 volts, so multiplying the number of cells by this value gives an estimate of the total voltage. The characteristic I-V curve from the cell's datasheet provides specific voltage information at a given temperature. It's important to note that if cells are arranged in parallel, the voltage remains the same as for a single cell. The voltage output will vary slightly with temperature and is only applicable in direct sunlight.