If your output voltage is to be less than your input voltage it is very easy to convert the input voltage to the output voltage. If the output voltage is to be a percentage of the input voltage and the load will be high impedance then a simple resistive voltage divider will work. If you want a constant voltage out with a varying input voltage or a varying load then you can use a voltage regulator.
However, if you want your output voltage to be higher than your input voltage, then the input must be converted to AC, transformed to a higher voltage, rectified and filtered to remove the remaining AC. This may be the purpose of the capacitor.