Graphite and diamond are identified as examples of giant molecular structures due to their covalent bonding, which involves a network of atoms held together by strong covalent bonds. In contrast, sodium chloride is excluded from this category because it consists of ionic bonds, which involve the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions rather than covalent bonding. The distinction is crucial, as a molecule is defined as a structure formed by two or more atoms that are covalently bonded, thereby excluding ionic compounds from this classification.