Current and voltage relationship in an electric motor

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the relationship between current and voltage in electric motors, specifically focusing on a pumping motor's performance under varying voltage conditions. Participants explore the implications of voltage changes on current draw and motor power output, as well as the underlying principles governing these relationships.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation
  • Conceptual clarification
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants express confusion regarding the expected relationship between voltage and current, noting that an increase in voltage typically leads to an increase in current according to Ohm's law.
  • Others clarify that for a three-phase motor, the power delivered remains constant at 37 kW, requiring less current at higher voltages and more current at lower voltages.
  • A participant mentions that shaft speed varies with line voltage, while pump power varies as the cube of the speed, referencing pump affinity laws.
  • One participant notes that three-phase motors draw the current necessary to generate the required torque to maintain operation.
  • Another participant introduces the concept of the "Speed-Torque" curve for induction motors, explaining how a decrease in voltage affects the torque curve and subsequently the current required to maintain torque.
  • Concerns are raised about the potential for motor damage when using long extension cords, as they can cause the motor to operate on a lower torque curve.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants generally agree on the principles governing motor operation and the effects of voltage on current draw, but there is some confusion regarding the initial expectations of voltage and current relationships. The discussion contains multiple perspectives on how these relationships manifest in practice, indicating that some aspects remain contested or unclear.

Contextual Notes

Participants reference specific voltage ratings and power factors, but there are unresolved assumptions regarding the exact nature of the motor's operation under varying conditions. The discussion does not fully resolve the complexities of the relationships involved.

Who May Find This Useful

This discussion may be useful for individuals interested in electrical engineering, motor operation principles, and those seeking to understand the dynamics of current and voltage in three-phase motors.

bachir1994
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Hello,
I can not understand that a motor (pumping) requires a current of 63 A under a voltage of 390 vac, and requires a current of 72 A under a voltage of 365 vac. Normally when the voltage increases the current increases with (ohm law). Is that the power delivered by the engine which is 37 kw is maintained.
THANK YOU.
 
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bachir1994 said:
Hello,
I can not understand that a motor (pumping) requires a current of 63 A under a voltage of 390 vac, and requires a current of 72 A under a voltage of 365 vac. Normally when the voltage increases the current increases with (ohm law). Is that the power delivered by the engine which is 37 kw is maintained.
THANK YOU.

Power (3 phase) = 1.732 * V * I * PF
Power in watts, I=Amps, V=Volts, PF= power factor

Creating 37 kW of shaft power requires less current when the motor is supplied at a higher line voltage, and needs more current at lower line voltages.

An added consideration is shaft speed varies proportionally with line voltage, but pump power varies as the cube (see: pump affinity laws).

Induction Motor Characteristic - Voltage Effects.jpg

Is the motor voltage rating 380V? If so, then 390V is 2.6% above nominal, and 365V is 3.9% below nominal nameplate rating.
Inspect the generic curves above to gain a sense how voltage variation affects motor performance.
 
Three phase motors operate at fixed RPM and draw whatever current they need to generate the torque they need to keep spinning or fail trying.
 
thank you,
Therefore it is the velocity that imposes the torque therefore the current, it is a natural regulation of the phenomenon. Nothing is created, nothing is lost all changes.
 
Induction motors have something called a "Speed-Torque" curve. It looks like this.
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/electrical-motors-torques-d_651.html
(the obvious annotations are mine)
speed-torque1.jpg

Note how small is the operating range , circled in purple.
When you lower voltage, the motor runs now on a lower torque curve.
So it has to 'walk back up' that curve by slowing down a little bit , in order to make desired torque.
Walking up the torque curve also walks up the current curve. It will require more than normal running current to make full torque at reduced voltage.

That's why real long extension cords can cause an induction machine like a fridge or pump to burn up its motor.

hope this helps

old jim
 
Last edited:
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thank you jim hardy
your explanation is very good, and it's ok for me. I begin to see things clearer
 
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bachir1994 said:
I begin to see things clearer

That's what counts. Keep up your good work !

old jim
 

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