Dark Energy & ZPE: How Can Wave Fragment Have Frequency?

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The discussion explores the concept of wave fragments in the context of zero-point energy (ZPE) and dark energy, referencing a paper on the subject. It highlights the distinction between zero-point electromagnetic radiation and ordinary electromagnetic radiation, emphasizing the implications of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle on the behavior of zero-point photons. Recent research by Christian Beck and Michael Mackey suggests that dark energy may actually be low-frequency components of zero-point energy, resolving the significant discrepancy in energy scales. They propose that zero-point photons below 1.7 THz are gravitationally active, while those above are not, potentially solving the dark energy problem. The question of how a wave fragment can possess a frequency is raised, indicating a need for further clarification in this area.
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Paper referred to

http://www.calphysics.org/zpe.html

In one paragraph they talk about (wave fragments),

How could such an enormous energy not be wildly evident? There is one major difference between zero-point electromagnetic radiation and ordinary electromagnetic radiation. Turning again to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle one finds that the lifetime of a given zero-point photon, viewed as a wave, corresponds to an average distance traveled of only a fraction of its wavelength. Such a wave ''fragment'' is somewhat different than an ordinary plane wave and it is difficult to know how to interpret this.

And later on they say

Recent work by Christian Beck at the University of London and Michael Mackey at McGill University may have resolved the 120 order of magnitude problem. In that case dark energy is nothing other than zero-point energy. In Measureability of vacuum fluctuations and dark energy and Electromagnetic dark energy they propose that a phase transition occurs so that zero-point photons below a frequency of about 1.7 THz are gravitationally active whereas above that they are not. If this is the case, then the dark energy problem is solved: dark energy is the low frequency gravitationally active component of zero-point energy.

How can a wave fragment have a frequency?
 
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