I Data Collection Begins: Monitoring the Diphoton Excess

[mfb]

See posts #8, #3 and #5. The machine safety is one thing, the other issue (now dominant) is the heat load of the magnets. Heat load limits the number of bunches - heat load per bunch goes down over time, but that is not a very fast process.Over 100/pb collected so far today.
Edit: Beam got dumped due to a network failure. 105/pb for ATLAS/CMS, 6/pb for LHCb. They'll go to 1750 bunches now, probably reaching more than 50% design luminosity. The record last year was 51%, so we are heading towards a luminosity record at 13 TeV.

 

[mfb]

We have a luminosity record!
Probably. The luminosity measurements are not that accurate and the values are close. ATLAS shows 53% design luminosity, CMS 51%, the difference is mainly a different calibration.

Stable beams with 1752 bunches.

Edit: And gone after 15 minutes :(. Some problem with the electricity.LHC will continue to take data until Tuesday, then make a two-week break from data-collection, one week for machine development (to improve the luminosity later on) and one week for work in the tunnel. More collisions are planned for June 13th.

Edit 2: After 1752 (needs at least one more run for a few hours), the next step is 1824, then 2040. Both still work with the SPS issue. Injection might take longer but the LHC usually gets priority over other uses of the SPS preaccelerator.

Edit 3: 9 hours of stable beams with 1752 bunches over night (Su->Mo). Which probably means we go to 1824 later today. ATLAS and CMS collected a bit more than 1/fb in total now, ~15% of that in the last night. LHCb is at 70/pb.

 

[Fervent Freyja]

We have a luminosity record!

Although I'm still working on a supporting framework for studying physics later this year (or in other words I just don't comprehend the above very well right now), I still find your enthusiasm just so very adorable and it makes me want to join the celebration too!

Off to googling some more terms...

 

[mfb]

Even more data, and new records.
1752 bunches but with more protons per bunch yesterday afternoon -> 60% of the design luminosity, and 200/pb=0.2/fb more integrated luminosity.
1824 bunches now, initial luminosity was 66% the design value.
The heat load for the magnets due to the high-intensity beam is significant now. The next steps after 2000 bunches will probably take much longer. Heat load goes down over time, slowly allowing to fill in more bunches.

ATLAS and CMS collected 1.4/fb so far, compared to ~4/fb last year.
LHCb doesn't profit that much from the better running conditions this year, most of their analyses will probably wait for the full 2016 dataset - for them a quick ramp up of the collected data rate is not that critical.

The machine development break got shifted to collect more data. The new plan is not fixed yet, but this week will certainly be available for data-taking.

 

[Dr.AbeNikIanEdL]

Interesting, thanks for updating us!
What is the integrated luminosity people aim/realistically hope for analyses presented this summer?

 

[mfb]

What is the integrated luminosity people aim/realistically hope for analyses presented this summer?

I don't think the collaborations made that public, and it can also depend on the individual analyses. Two numbers as comparison:

• ATLAS and CMS showed first results of last year 6 weeks after the end of (proton collision) data-taking. The date was set in advance, so the experiments were confident to get their fast analyses done within 6 weeks.*
• The Higgs boson discovery in July 2012: The high-priority analysis of 2012. At the time the discovery was announced, they had data up to 2-3 weeks before the presentations. Both collaborations were really pushing to include as much data as possible, so that is probably a lower limit.

6 weeks before ICHEP would be 21st of June, or three weeks from now. 2-3 weeks before ICHEP would give 7-6 weeks from now. A good week of data-taking now is probably 1/fb, so if we have the technical stop but not the machine development block, the lower estimate would be 2 weeks of data-taking for 3.5/fb, if the technical stop is shortened and the machine development gets moved to end of July (and merged with the next one), we might get 6 weeks of data-taking to have 7.5/fb. Maybe even a bit more if everything runs very smoothly. Probably something between those values, unless some problem comes up.

*the analyses start earlier, usually even before data-taking, with simulated events, it's not like the whole analysis could be done within a few weeks. But some parts of the analysis (in particular, all final results...) need the full dataset, and that determines the timescale.

A decision about the technical stop will probably be made later today.

 

[mfb]

News:

• The technical stop will be shortened as much as possible, from 5-7 days to something like 2-2.5, starting Tuesday.
• The machine development block originally scheduled for this week gets shifted significantly. A second block is scheduled for July 25 - July 29, those two might merge - data collected that late won't be included in results shown at ICHEP in August anyway.
• We are now at 2040 bunches. Further steps will probably take much more time.
• Initial luminosity this afternoon was shown as ~80% of the design value for ATLAS and ~73% of it for CMS. The truth is probably somewhere in between. This is at the record set 2012, where we had 77% of the design luminosity, but at a lower energy back then. The collision rate per luminosity rises with energy, so we certainly have a new record in terms of collision rate.

Integrated luminosity for ATLAS/CMS: 1.7/fb, 0.23 of that from Wednesday.

 

[websterling]

The current record for stable beams duration (and the previous record) both occurred when there were upstream problems that prevented a refill. Assuming that there is nothing preventing refilling the LHC, what (if any) is the criteria for doing a dump and refill?

 

[mfb]

Most fills end due to machine protection - some heat load is too high, some connection got lost, and so on. Apart from that: the number of protons in the ring goes down over time, and the beam quality gets worse. Both leads to a decreasing luminosity over time for ATLAS and CMS, typically with a half-life of ~20-30 hours this year. After a while it becomes more efficient to dump the beam and re-fill. Ideally this takes 2-3 hours, sometimes it takes more.

2.1/fb in total, 0.35/fb from Thursday. Two fills today got lost quickly, the next attempt is on the way.

 

[nolxiii]

how many protons go in each fill?

 

[mfb]

Typically 115 billions per bunch, 2040 bunches per beam, and 2 beams => 4.7*10¹⁴ protons, or 0.8 nanogram, about the mass of a white blood cell.
The stored energy in that small amount of matter is 500 MJ, twice the kinetic energy of a 85 ton Boeing 737 at takeoff.

 

[mfb]

The LHC is back after the technical stop. 2040 bunches as before, won't get more until the SPS vacuum leak issue is solved. That still allows to improve the beam focus a bit, so the initial luminosity was somewhere at 85% the design luminosity an hour ago.

ATLAS and CMS are at 3.0/fb integrated luminosity now, that is nearly the size of the 2015 dataset, and that should increase fast now.

 

[Lord Crc]

Thanks for the updates.

I've been looking at the beam status page (Vistars) every now and then and it seems to take about 2-3 hours from the beam is dumped to the next beam getting going again. If that's correct (and not just me misinterpreting or similar), why the long down-time?

 

[mfb]

At least 2-3 hours, sometimes longer.

Here is a description from 2010. The main parts that need time:

- the magnets have to be ramped down to allow injection at 450 GeV (~20 min)
- the magnets have some hysteresis, their current state depends on what happened in the past. The curvature of the proton beam has to be correct to 1 part in a million, so you really want to be sure the magnets have the right magnetic field. If there was an issue with the magnets in the previous run, the magnets have to be brought to a known state again, which means they have to be ramped up and down once (~40 min, if necessary).
- the machine operators have to verify everything is in the expected state - for the machine, for the preaccelerators (same control room) and for the experiments (different control rooms, they have to call the experiments and those have to give permission for injection) - a few minutes.
- a "probe beam" is injected - very few protons, to verify that they cycle as expected and that the beam doesn't get lost - a few minutes.
- the 2040 bunches have to be made and accelerated by the preaccelerators. This happens in steps of 72 bunches now, and every group needs about a minute, if nothing goes wrong this takes ~30 minutes.
- the energy is ramped up from 450 GeV to 6500 GeV. Ramping up the dipole magnets needs about 20 minutes.
- the beams have to get focused, which involves ramping up superconducting quadrupole magnets. About 20 minutes again.
- once the machine operators verify again that everything is expected, they let the beams collide at the experiments (before they are separated) and find the ideal spot for the highest collision rate for ATLAS and CMS, and a lower rate for LHCb and ALICE. That takes about 10 minutes.

If you add those things, even in the ideal case it needs 2 hours. Usually something needs longer for various reasons.
The run that started last night is at 0.32/fb, adding another 10% to the total dataset this year. It is still ongoing, chances are good it will break some record later.
As comparison: The LHC produced more Higgs bosons today (literally: this Sunday) than the Tevatron did in 20 years.

 

[Vanadium 50]

chances are good it will break some record later.

The plan is to terminate it in about four hours. If it goes this long, it may be the first intemtional termination this year.

 

[mfb]

They had programmed dumps before this year (in particular, to go to more bunches), but I don't know if that included fills with 2040 bunches.

0.40/fb now, a new record for "per fill", "per 24 hours" and "per day". Will probably rise to ~0.45/fb for ATLAS.

 

[Lord Crc]

Thanks a lot mfb for the detailed response, very interesting.

 

[mfb]

A CERN article about the recent data collection and records

The last run, yesterday to today morning, was 0.50/fb of data. ATLAS and CMS now have 4/fb in total.

Edit: Next run started ~7 pm, initial luminosity was about 93% design luminosity.

There is just one week of planned interruption until September (https://espace.cern.ch/be-dep/BEDepartmentalDocuments/BE/LHC_Schedule_2016.pdf ), so let's extrapolate a bit (optimistic)...

 

[mfb]

~6.3/fb integrated luminosity (average over ATLAS and CMS), more than 1.5 times the size of the 2015 dataset. Combining both years, both experiments now have more than 10/fb. For most analyses, this gives better statistics than the 20/fb at the lower energy in 2012, and more collisions are coming in.

The LHC operators made a large table as overview over the runs of the last month: slides, table alone. The last run, collecting a bit more than 0.5/fb, is not included there yet.
SB = stable beams, needed for data-taking
B1, B2 = number of protons in beam 1 and 2
Unit conversions:
L peak: 10 would be the LHC design luminosity here.
1000/pb = 1/fb.[/url]

 

[Lord Crc]

Thanks for the update.

How roughly much data would they need to say something definitive regarding the 750 GeV bump? I'm thinking "yeah something is there" vs "nope, just fluctuations".

 

[mfb]

6/fb are very interesting already - significantly more than the 2015 dataset which produced the excess. In May, I speculated a bit, with way too pessimistic estimates for the luminosity evolution (the schedule had less time for data-taking and the collision rate was expected to grow significantly slower).
If it was just a fluctuation, we'll probably now, if it is a particle, we'll probably know as well. The amount of data shown at ICHEP will depend on how fast ATLAS and CMS can do their analyses, but I would expect at least 6/fb, probably more.

 

[dukwon]

The amount of data shown at ICHEP will depend on how fast ATLAS and CMS can do their analyses, but I would expect at least 6/fb, probably more.

A little bird tells me that the ATLAS analysis is being performed with the first ~3 /fb then will be "topped up" with all data up to some cutoff date in about 2 weeks time. By my reckon it could be about 10 /fb.

 

[Lord Crc]

Aww, now it feels like I've put the commentators curse on the LHC :(

How bad is it? I just saw there was some issue with a power supply and now they're talking about reconnecting the 400kv line.

 

[mfb]

Various issues prevented data-taking in the last four days, apart from a short run this morning (0.09/fb). Power supplies, water leaks, cabling problems, ...
The current estimate for the high voltage line is 20:00 (in 90 minutes). Can happen - it is an extremely complex machine, not all the components work all the time.

 

[dukwon]

Bloody trees :(

 

[mfb]

It is running again. Looks like a new luminosity record this morning, the displayed ATLAS value exceeded 95% of the LHC design luminosity.
0.2/fb collected already.

Edit: Peak luminosity was shown as 97.7% design luminosity for ATLAS (87.4% for CMS). Delivered luminosity was recorded as 0.576/fb and 0.548/fb respectively.

ATLAS now shows 7.08/fb collected data, CMS 6.77/fb. Two more days and we might have twice the 2015 dataset.They modified the injection scheme from the preaccelerators a bit, instead of 30 injections with 72 bunches each they now have 23 injections with 96 bunches each. Apparently that's still fine with the SPS vacuum, and it leads to slightly better beams.

 

[dukwon]

The luminosity delivered to LHCb this year has now surpassed 2015.

 

[mfb]

The LHC reached its design luminosity! The ATLAS value is shown as a bit more, the CMS value as a bit less, that is within the uncertainties of those values. The average is slightly above the design value of 10,000.

 

[mfb]

The run from Sunday 17:30 to Tuesday 6:30 broke all records.

- initial luminosity: see previous post, first time the design value has been reached
- stored energy: 293 MJ in 5*10¹⁴ protons
- time in stable beams: 37 hours
- delivered luminosity in a run: 0.737/fb for ATLAS, 0.711/fb for CMS, 0.042/fb for LHCb
- delivered luminosity in 24 hours: don't know, but it is a new record as well.
- about 50% of the accelerated protons got destroyed during the run, most of them in the experiments. That's 0.4 nanogram of hydrogen.

Final luminosity was about 30% of the initial value. The machine operators dumped the beam to refill, the next run started already, with a slightly lower luminosity than the previous record run.7.7/fb data for ATLAS and CMS so far, twice the 2015 value.

 

[mfb]

More than 10/fb for ATLAS and CMS, approaching three times the 2015 dataset size.

On this page, they showed an updated plot on the luminosity evolution. I extrapolated wildly again, and we are still on track for >30/fb by November 1st.

Probably a bit too optimistic as longer machine development and technical stops will come later. On the other hand, if we get lucky the preaccelerator vacuum problem gets fixed and allows higher luminosities.

Dotted green: the original plan for 2016.