Diode Failure: Causes & Effects

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers on the causes and effects of diode failure, exploring the conditions that lead to diodes failing to function as closed circuits. Participants examine various failure modes, including the impact of voltage transients, overcurrent, and prolonged exposure to high temperatures.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants suggest that voltage transients can cause diodes to behave like a wire, while overcurrent may lead to an open circuit, similar to a blown fuse.
  • One participant discusses the significance of the full diode curve, noting that both forward bias and reverse avalanche breakdown can lead to power dissipation and heating, which may accelerate failure modes.
  • It is proposed that heating in the forward conduction region can lower forward voltage and increase forward current, potentially leading to current bunching and subsequent failure.
  • A participant shares their experience that heating can first melt the silicon in current bunching areas, resulting in a low-impedance short, which may then fail open if sufficient power is present.
  • Another participant questions whether long-term exposure to high temperatures could cause melting of silicon, or if failure is more likely due to momentary high-temperature conditions.
  • One participant mentions that high temperatures over time can affect impurity diffusion and destroy junction properties, with outright junction failure occurring around 190°C in silicon.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express various viewpoints on the mechanisms of diode failure, with no consensus reached on the specific conditions that lead to failure or the role of temperature over time versus momentary spikes.

Contextual Notes

Participants note the importance of understanding the diode's characteristics and operating conditions, including maximum junction temperature and the geometry of power diode construction, which may influence failure modes.

Shadrack
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Does anyone have any information on diode failure? I'm interested in knowing how diodes can fail and what happens when they do fail.

Specifically, what conditions of a diode will cause it to fail to be a closed circuit either direction criteria (like, become as useful as a wire)?
 
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Voltage transients tend to cause the wire effect.
Overcurrent tends to cause an open, like blown fuse.
On rare occasions you can get states between these extreams.

What happens depends failure mode and on what its being used for.
 
Take a look at the full diode curve, including both the forward bias area and the reverse avalance breakdown area. Both of those areas can result in significant power dissipation, where you have both voltage and current at the same time. That power dissipation causes heating, which in the forward conduction region lowers the forward voltage and increases the forward current. I'm not sure what increased temperature does in the reverse avalance region offhand -- probably helps to limit it since avalanche is related to mean free path. Also in the forward bias region, heating and the positive tempco effects can cause current bunching, which accelerates failure modes.

In my experience, the heating first melts the silicon (in the current bunching areas), which then looks like a low-impedance short. If there is sufficient power from the source, the fail-short will blow open as a fail-open. If there is not sufficient power from the source, it will likely stay a fail-short.

The maximum junction temperature is one key to calculating whether you are at risk for failure. There are also SOA considerations, and the geometry of a power diode construction can help to ease the current bunching issue.
 
Thanks for the input NoTime and berkeman!

I will need to study the curves of the diode in question to see what could possibly be occurring. Is it possible that being in a high-temperature enviornment over the span of years will causs a melt in the silicone that will causs a low-impedance short? Or are we looking at a momentary high-temperature condition that is at the melting point of silicone?

I wonder what the melting point of silicone is...
 
High temps with current over years will affect the impurity diffusion in the device structure and destroy the junction properties.

Don't know if it's the same as melting point, but outright junction failure will occur somewhere around 190c in silicon.
 

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