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how does the doppler effect work when the observer and source are not moving in a straight line, what do we take in as the velocity of the observer and the source in the doppler effect equation?
The Doppler shift effect is a change in the observed frequency of a wave when there is relative motion between the source of the wave and the observer. This effect is commonly observed in light and sound waves, but can also apply to other types of waves.
There are two main components of Doppler shift: the source velocity component and the observer velocity component. The source velocity component refers to the motion of the source of the wave and the observer velocity component refers to the motion of the observer relative to the source.
The source velocity component affects the observed frequency by either increasing or decreasing it depending on the direction of the source's motion. If the source is moving towards the observer, the observed frequency will be higher and if the source is moving away from the observer, the observed frequency will be lower.
The formula for calculating the source velocity component is: fs = fo(v + vs) / (v + vo), where fs is the observed frequency, fo is the original frequency, v is the speed of the wave, vs is the source velocity, and vo is the observer velocity.
Doppler shift has many practical applications, such as in radar and sonar systems to measure the speed and direction of moving objects. It is also used in medical imaging techniques like Doppler ultrasound to measure blood flow and detect abnormalities in the body. Additionally, Doppler shift is important in astronomy for measuring the speed and distance of celestial objects.