Stellar coronae[edit]
Coronal stars are ubiquitous among the
stars in the cool half of the
Hertzsprung–Russell diagram.
[17] These coronae can be detected using
X-ray telescopes. Some stellar coronae, particularly in young stars, are much more luminous than the Sun's. For example,
FK Comae Berenices is the prototype for the
FK Com class of
variable star. These are giants of spectral types G and K with an unusually rapid rotation and signs of extreme activity. Their X-ray coronae are among the most luminous (
Lx ≥ 1032 erg·s−1 or 1025W) and the hottest known with dominant temperatures up to 40 MK.
[17]
The astronomical observations planned with the
Einstein Observatory by Giuseppe Vaiana and his group
[18] showed that F-, G-, K- and M-stars have chromospheres and often coronae much like our Sun. The
O-B stars, which do not have surface convection zones, have a strong X-ray emission. However these stars do not have coronae, but the outer stellar envelopes emit this radiation during shocks due to thermal instabilities in rapidly moving gas blobs. Also A-stars do not have convection zones but they do not emit at the UV and X-ray wavelengths. Thus they appear to have neither chromospheres nor coronae
