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LawlQuals
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First order nonlinear ODE -- Integrating factor + exact differentials, or not?
Hello everyone,
(I apologize if this did not format properly, if not I will attempt to edit it if that functionality is available upon submitting a question).
I recently came across the following nonlinear ODE that I am having difficulty in solving.
Determine the general solution to the differential equation:
[tex]\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{x^2 - y^2}{x^2 + 5yx} = \frac{(x+y)(x-y)}{x(x + 5y)}[/tex]
Any methods up to and including a typical advanced engineering mathematics (undergrad) course (integrating factors, variation of parameters, transforms, exact differentials, etc.)
My only ideas have involved forcing the equation to be an exact differential. However, I have not been able to come to a solution by this route. To demonstrate, I pursued putting the equation in the form of conventional notation for exact differentials,
[tex]
\underbrace{(x^2 - y^2)}_{=\, M}dx - \underbrace{(x^2 + 5yx)}_{=\, -N}dy = 0
[/tex]
[tex]
Mdx + Ndy = 0
[/tex]
where
[tex]M = x^2 - y^2 \Rightarrow M_x = 2x, \quad M_y = -2y[/tex]
[tex]N = -(x^2 + 5yx) \Rightarrow N_x = -2x - 5x \quad N_y = 5x[/tex]
and the subscripts denote differentiation with respect to the labeled parameter. It is evident it is not exact ([tex]M_y \neq N_x[/tex]). Further, I was unable to implement an integrating factor [tex]\sigma[/tex] such that [tex]\frac{\partial}{\partial y}(\sigma M) = \frac{\partial}{\partial x} (\sigma N)[/tex] upon multiplication of the entire equation by [tex]\sigma[/tex]. It can readily be seen that the integrating factor [tex]\sigma[/tex] is not only a function of [tex]x[/tex] or [tex]y[/tex], e.g. writing out the condition for exact differentials involving the factor [tex]\sigma[/tex], and enforcing [tex]\sigma[/tex] to be a function of [tex]x[/tex] or [tex]y[/tex] alone involves results of the form
[tex]\frac{\sigma_y}{\sigma} \sim \frac{M_y - N_x}{M}[/tex]
or
[tex]\frac{\sigma_x}{\sigma} \sim \frac{M_y - N_x}{N}[/tex]
which demonstrates that [tex]\sigma[/tex] is a function of both variables in either case (in contradiction to the posits that lead to these equations).
Choosing a form [tex]\sigma (x,y) = x^a y^b[/tex], I could not discern proper constants [tex]a[/tex], and [tex]b[/tex].
Does anyone have any suggestions regarding solving this equation? Thanks very much for any insight, and take care.
Hello everyone,
(I apologize if this did not format properly, if not I will attempt to edit it if that functionality is available upon submitting a question).
I recently came across the following nonlinear ODE that I am having difficulty in solving.
Homework Statement
Determine the general solution to the differential equation:
[tex]\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{x^2 - y^2}{x^2 + 5yx} = \frac{(x+y)(x-y)}{x(x + 5y)}[/tex]
Homework Equations
Any methods up to and including a typical advanced engineering mathematics (undergrad) course (integrating factors, variation of parameters, transforms, exact differentials, etc.)
The Attempt at a Solution
My only ideas have involved forcing the equation to be an exact differential. However, I have not been able to come to a solution by this route. To demonstrate, I pursued putting the equation in the form of conventional notation for exact differentials,
[tex]
\underbrace{(x^2 - y^2)}_{=\, M}dx - \underbrace{(x^2 + 5yx)}_{=\, -N}dy = 0
[/tex]
[tex]
Mdx + Ndy = 0
[/tex]
where
[tex]M = x^2 - y^2 \Rightarrow M_x = 2x, \quad M_y = -2y[/tex]
[tex]N = -(x^2 + 5yx) \Rightarrow N_x = -2x - 5x \quad N_y = 5x[/tex]
and the subscripts denote differentiation with respect to the labeled parameter. It is evident it is not exact ([tex]M_y \neq N_x[/tex]). Further, I was unable to implement an integrating factor [tex]\sigma[/tex] such that [tex]\frac{\partial}{\partial y}(\sigma M) = \frac{\partial}{\partial x} (\sigma N)[/tex] upon multiplication of the entire equation by [tex]\sigma[/tex]. It can readily be seen that the integrating factor [tex]\sigma[/tex] is not only a function of [tex]x[/tex] or [tex]y[/tex], e.g. writing out the condition for exact differentials involving the factor [tex]\sigma[/tex], and enforcing [tex]\sigma[/tex] to be a function of [tex]x[/tex] or [tex]y[/tex] alone involves results of the form
[tex]\frac{\sigma_y}{\sigma} \sim \frac{M_y - N_x}{M}[/tex]
or
[tex]\frac{\sigma_x}{\sigma} \sim \frac{M_y - N_x}{N}[/tex]
which demonstrates that [tex]\sigma[/tex] is a function of both variables in either case (in contradiction to the posits that lead to these equations).
Choosing a form [tex]\sigma (x,y) = x^a y^b[/tex], I could not discern proper constants [tex]a[/tex], and [tex]b[/tex].
Does anyone have any suggestions regarding solving this equation? Thanks very much for any insight, and take care.