olar junction transistors (BJTs) and CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) are the most commonly used technologies in industry for designing electronic circuits. However, in certain applications where flexibility and customization are crucial, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Generic Array Logic (GALs), and Programmable Array Logic (PALs) are widely used.
FPGAs, GALs, and PALs offer the advantage of being reprogrammable, allowing engineers to quickly and easily make changes to the circuit design without having to physically redesign the hardware. This makes them particularly useful in industries where product development cycles are short and changes need to be made frequently.
I cannot speak for all electronics and computer engineers in industry, but based on my knowledge and experience, these programmable chips are used quite often in various industries such as telecommunications, aerospace, automotive, and consumer electronics. In fact, FPGAs are becoming increasingly popular in many high-performance computing applications as well.
In terms of training, it is common for engineers to have some background in hardware description languages such as VHDL, HDL, or Verilog before working with FPGAs, GALs, and PALs. However, many companies also provide on-the-job training for their engineers to become proficient in using these programmable chips.
While programmable chips are commonly used in industry, they are not the only method of designing large complex computer systems. Other methods include using Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) and System on Chip (SoC) designs. These methods require more upfront design and development time, but can offer higher performance and lower power consumption compared to programmable chips.
In conclusion, FPGAs, GALs, and PALs are widely used in industry for their flexibility and customization capabilities. While engineers may receive training in hardware description languages, on-the-job training is also common. However, other methods such as ASICs and SoCs are also used for designing large complex computer systems in certain industries.