Fundamental frequency, also known as the first harmonic, is the lowest frequency at which a periodic waveform repeats itself and is the building block of all other frequencies present in a complex sound.
Fundamental frequency is typically measured in Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second and is determined by the rate of vibration of a sound source or the frequency of a sound wave.
Fundamental frequency and pitch are closely related, with the fundamental frequency being the physical measurement of the pitch of a sound. The higher the fundamental frequency, the higher the perceived pitch.
The fundamental frequency of a sound can be affected by various factors such as the size, shape, and tension of a sound source, as well as the medium through which the sound travels.
In music and speech, the fundamental frequency is crucial for conveying melody and intonation. It also helps in distinguishing between different voices and instruments, and can convey emotional cues in speech and music.