# Generating a vector space via a T-cyclic subspace

I've been thinking about a problem I made up. The solution may be trivial or very difficult as I have not given too much thought to it, but I can't think of an answer of the top of my head.

Let ## T:V → V ## be a linear operator on a finite-dimensional vector space ##V##. Does there exist a vector ## v \in V ## for which the T-cyclic subspace of ##V## generated by ##v## is ##V##? This is certainly not true in general, since if ##T## is the zero transformation and ##V## has dimension greater than 1 then no T-cyclic subspace will equal ##V##.

But what about for an arbitrary linear map?

BiP

Let's just look at a 2-dim space. Let T = $$\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0\\ \end{pmatrix}$$
and v = (1,0). Then Tv = (0,1). Clearly v and Tv are a basis for the entire space.

Let's just look at a 2-dim space. Let T = $$\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0\\ \end{pmatrix}$$
and v = (1,0). Then Tv = (0,1). Clearly v and Tv are a basis for the entire space.

How can we generalize this for an arbitrary linear map?

BiP

Assuming we are in a finite dimensional vector space, of dimension n, you need to pick a T such that $$T^n= T$$ but if 1 < m < n $$T^m \neq T.$$
If you do have $$T^m = T$$ for 1 < m < n then the T-cyclic subspace has only dimension m, because that is all the independent vectors you can generate with powers of T.

Now there is bound to be some specific vector v such that $$T^mv = Tv$$ even though $$T^m \neq T.$$ That vector is in fact any eigenvector of $$T^m - T.$$ You can't generate the entire space V using that kind of vector v. However, there is bound to be a vector u which is not an eigenvector of $$T^m - T$$ for any 1 < m < n. You can use u to generate the entire space.

Does every n dimensional vector space have a linear operator which is cyclic of degree n? Yes. Start with my 2 dimensional example and see if you can find something similar in 3 dimensions. Once you get that far, you'll see how to generate such a T in n dimensions.