How Are PhD Extensions Funded in Canada and the US?

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In Canadian and American MSc/PhD programs, students requesting an extension for their studies, such as a sixth year for a PhD, may face challenges regarding funding. Typically, the terms of financial support, including tuition and living costs covered through research assistantships (RA), teaching assistantships (TA), or grants, are outlined in the offer letter. Once the specified term ends without degree completion, universities are generally not obligated to continue funding. However, many institutions may extend support for an additional year or two if necessary. Funding availability can also depend on the student's supervisor, as their financial resources may allow for continued support. It's important for international students to be aware of these dynamics when considering extension requests, as institutional policies and supervisor discretion play significant roles in funding continuity.
TheCanadian
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Particularly for Canadian and American MSc/PhD programs, if a student requests for an extension on their work (e.g. for a 6th year on their PhD) is the typical funding to cover all their tuition and basic living costs through RA/TA and other grants still provided in such a case? Are there any particular things people should be wary of when requesting extensions, especially as an international student?
 
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Typically in the Canadian system at least, in your letter of offer the terms of financial support are spelled out - so many years at a rate of X dollars through stipend or TA or whatever. If you have not completed your degree by the end of that term, the university is under no obligation to provide you with additional support. That said, in practice, most will carry the funding over for another year or two if needed. Outside of that, funding can also depend on your supervisor - if he or she has money to support you then arguably to process can go on indefinately (although many schools requrie that the work be completed inside of so many years to qualify for the PhD).
 
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