How Can Light Carry Energy Without Mass?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers around the concept of how light, specifically photons, can carry energy and momentum despite having no mass. Participants explore the implications of this phenomenon within the frameworks of classical mechanics, relativistic mechanics, and quantum mechanics.

Discussion Character

  • Conceptual clarification
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions how light can carry energy and momentum if it is composed of massless photons, referencing a common understanding that mass is required for energy and momentum.
  • Another participant explains that the standard kinetic energy formula from Newtonian mechanics does not apply to photons, introducing the relativistic energy formula and noting that for photons, mass is zero.
  • This participant further elaborates that in special relativity, the energy of a photon is expressed as E=pc, where p is momentum, and connects this to quantum mechanics by mentioning the deBroglie formula for momentum.
  • A participant seeks clarification on the relationship between light and relativistic mechanics.
  • Another participant responds by stating that anything traveling at a high fraction of the speed of light is considered relativistic, emphasizing that light itself travels at this speed.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express varying levels of understanding regarding the relationship between mass, energy, and momentum in the context of light. While some technical explanations are provided, there is no consensus on the conceptual implications of these relationships.

Contextual Notes

The discussion does not resolve the foundational questions about the nature of light and its properties, leaving open the assumptions about mass, energy, and momentum in different physical frameworks.

backtoearth
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Hi everyone(:
I was reading the other day and I read that the photons don't have the mass. If a light is a flow of photons, how can a light carry an energy or momentum?
I have learned that if the matter was to carry the energy or have momentum, it needs a mass. How can this happen for light?

I was very curious about it and it would be nice to know! Thanks,
 
Last edited:
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The problem is that the standard formula for kinetic energy from Newtonian mechanics,[itex]E=\frac{1}{2}mv^2[/itex]does not apply in relativistic mechanics, which governs photons.

In special relativity, the kinetic energy of a particle is given by,

[tex]E=\sqrt{p^2c^2+m^2c^4}[/tex]

For a photon, m=0, therefore

[tex]E=pc[/tex]

And from quantum mechanics a photon has a momentum proportional to the inverse of its wavelength(the deBroglie formula): [itex]p=\frac{h}{\lambda}[/itex]

Thus, a photon has energy:

[tex]E=\frac{hc}{\lambda}=hf[/tex]
 
Last edited:
Thanks! But what do you mean by light as being a part of relativistic mechanics?
 
Anything that travels a a relatively high fraction of the speed of light is relativistic. And light travels at the speed of light!
 

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