Apparently some women (and only women, and only some) do have a richer colour sense than all other humans ... human cones (the colour sensors in the eye) come in three kinds, with spectral sensitivities that peak in the red, green, and blue regions (the sensitivities are broadband, not line; all three have at least some sensitivity to just about the whole optical region). Now the red cones actually come in two slightly different kinds - and because the genes for them are on the X chromosome, a woman may have the gene for each kind. Further, as the expression of such genes is at the cell level, these two kinds may be expressed randomly across the retina.
But then colour is, ultimately, all in the brain - you can 'see' colour without eyes! You 'just' need the right signals to travel along the optic nerve.
So, in a very real sense, you can take an image of something, in IR, UV, X-rays, ... and convert it to RGB, then fire up the relevant nerves and bingo! You will be 'seeing' in a whole different way. You can dial in the transforms (what range of em corresponds to R, what to G, and so on; and how to 'code' intensity (are our eyes 'logrithmic'? I forget), decide on how directly you want to get the signal to your brain (as indirect as a computer monitor; as direct as stimulation of the optic nerve - not possible yet, with much fidelity, I should imagine), how much you want to spend, ...
