Defending a thesis, particularly at the PhD level, is generally a rigorous process with multiple checkpoints that students must navigate, including graduate program admission, committee meetings, candidacy and comprehensive examinations, and supervisor approval of their thesis. While failing a defense is rare, it can happen, particularly if a candidate lacks sufficient background knowledge to answer questions. Typically, a defense involves multiple professors rather than just one, and the committee has various options beyond a simple pass or fail, such as recommending a conditional pass or allowing additional time for remedial work before re-examination. Advisors play a crucial role in determining if a student is ready to defend, ensuring that only those who are adequately prepared attempt the defense.