Jefimenko's Equations: Integrals & Integration

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That means a volume element. In Cartesian coordinates its [itex]dx' \ dy' \ dz'[/itex], in spherical coordinates [itex]r'^2 \ \sin\theta' \ dr' \ d\varphi \ d\theta[/itex] and in cylindrical coordinates [itex]\rho \ d\rho' \ d\varphi' \ dz'[/itex].