Multiplication tables for grade school students typically extend to 12x12 due to the significance of the dozen as a common unit, making calculations like 11 and 12 times quicker to recall than using addition. The inclusion of 12 helps facilitate mental and written multiplication skills, although students can memorize higher numbers if desired. Beyond 12, some multiplication facts can be useful based on experience, such as squares of numbers or practical applications like card games. The historical context of the dozen is also noted, particularly in relation to the UK’s currency system prior to 1972. Understanding these factors highlights the rationale behind the structure of multiplication tables.