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Rasalhague
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Many examples of orthogonality are really about vectors orthogonal to covectors. For example, the work done by a force on a moving object is zero when its velocity is perpendicular to the force. It is unreasonable to interpret orthogonality here in terms of an inner product, because force and velocity belong to different vector spaces: it makes no kind of sense to add a force to a velocity (Griffel: Linear Algebra and its Applications, Vol. 2, p. 180).
The dual space of V may then be identified with the space FA of functions from A to F: a linear functional T on V is uniquely determined by the values θα = T(eα) it takes on the basis of V (Wikipedia: Dual space).
If Griffel is arguing that force and velocity are vectors of different vector spaces because they can't be added, this would suggest that displacement vectors are vectors of a third vector space, because they can't be added to force or to velocity, since they have different units. Yet it's meaningful to ask whether a force is orthogonal to a displacement, so displacement vectors must also be of a dual space to that of force vectors. Griffel's argument seems to lead to a situation where there are two vector spaces dual to that of force vectors. Is that how people generally think about vector spaces which represent quantities with physical units? Can we only be sure that the dual space unique if both it and the primary vector space are unitless?
Another viewpoint I've come across is that vector quantities in physics can each be categorised as somehow inherently "vectors" or "covectors" according to their physical nature, specifically whether they have the capacity-like quality or a density-like quality: whether their magnitudes increase when smaller units are chosen, or decrease. Weinreich, in Geometric Vectors, contrasts them as "arrow vectors" and "stack vectors". People will state that such-and-such a quantity "is" a vector, or "is" a covector, because of how its components vary with a change of basis. This relies on the convention whereby displacement or velocity vectors are taken as primary (and given the simple name "vectors"), and density-like vectors are taken as secondary (and so given the name "covectors"), since mathematically the relationship between primary and dual spaces is symmetrical (each being the dual of the other, or at least the first is naturally isomorphic to the dual of the second, so that the relationship can be thought of as reciprocal). Or to put it another way, it relies on the convention of how coordinates are defined in relation to space. But this view it also seems to assume that there are really only two vector spaces involved here, that of what are called "vectors" and its dual, that of what are called "covectors", each dual only to the other (regardless of how they might be used on a given occasion to describe a given physical quantity), rather than a profusion of vector spaces, one for each physical quantity, some possibly with more than one dual space.
Are these really two different approaches? How do folks here think about vector spaces, and other mathematical structures such as the real numbers, in relation to physical quantities and physical units?
EDIT: On further reading, I see that he context of the Wikipedia quote was specifically talking about infinite dimensional vector spaces. But I really just quoted it to illustrate my feeling that there seems to be something odd about the idea of multiple, non-identical vector spaces all dual to the same vector space.
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