# Partial fractions

#### a.mlw.walker

Hi, had to learn partial fractions last year for laplace transforms, but have forgotten the general rules, and now i cant work out how to turn this into partial fractions:

$$\frac{s}{\left(s^{2}+4\right)\left(s^{2}+9\right)}$$

$$\frac{s}{\left(s^{2}+4\right)\left(s^{2}+9\right)}=\frac{A}{s^{2}+4}+\frac{B}{s^{2}+9}$$
so

$$s=A\left(s^{2}+9\right)+B\left(s^{2}+4\right)$$

i understand that i am supposed to strategically choose s to make A or B zero, but sith the s^2 i'm not sure what to do

thanks

#### vin300

make the coefficient 0

#### a.mlw.walker

by setting s to what?

#### Mark44

Mentor
Hi, had to learn partial fractions last year for laplace transforms, but have forgotten the general rules, and now i cant work out how to turn this into partial fractions:

$$\frac{s}{\left(s^{2}+4\right)\left(s^{2}+9\right)}$$

$$\frac{s}{\left(s^{2}+4\right)\left(s^{2}+9\right)}=\frac{A}{s^{2}+4}+\frac{B}{s^{2}+9}$$
This is not the way to decompose irreducible quadratic factors. Here's what you should have:
$$\frac{s}{\left(s^{2}+4\right)\left(s^{2}+9\right)}=\frac{As + B}{s^{2}+4}+\frac{Cs + D}{s^{2}+9}$$

so

$$s=A\left(s^{2}+9\right)+B\left(s^{2}+4\right)$$

i understand that i am supposed to strategically choose s to make A or B zero, but sith the s^2 i'm not sure what to do

thanks

#### a.mlw.walker

ok, yeah i wondered, but mupad's soln looked so simple i didnt think there could be 4 unkowns. So can i now multiply everything by the denomiator of s on the LHS.

What i dont understand is usually you would choose values for s to make most unkowns 0, then calculate for each unkown. but here, there is no s that can make
S^2 + 4 =0 without imaginary numbers?

#### Count Iblis

ok, yeah i wondered, but mupad's soln looked so simple i didnt think there could be 4 unkowns. So can i now multiply everything by the denomiator of s on the LHS.

What i dont understand is usually you would choose values for s to make most unkowns 0, then calculate for each unkown. but here, there is no s that can make
S^2 + 4 =0 without imaginary numbers?
You should then write the partial fraction expansion as follows:

s/[(s^2+4)(s^2+9)] = A/(s+2i) + A*/(s-2i) + B/(s+3i) + B*(s-3i)

Where the star denotes complex conjugation. The "strategic value" method now becomes trivial, you don't have to actually write down any equations. If you know about complex analysis, you'll recognize the coefficients as the residues of the function at the poles and compute them directly. If you don't know this, you can easily see that e.g. multiplying boith sides by s + 2i and taking the limit s to -2i will yield A.

#### HallsofIvy

Science Advisor
An obvious way to simplify
$$\frac{s}{\left(s^{2}+4\right)\left(s^{2}+9\right)} =\frac{As+B}{s^{2}+4}+\frac{Cs+D}{s^{2}+9}$$
is to multiply both sides by $(s^2+ 4)(s^2+ 9)$ to get
s= (As+B)(s^2+9)+ (Cs+D)(s^2+4).

Because those denominators were "irreducible" you cannot "make a coefficient 0" but you still need only 4 equations to solve for the 4 constants.

One way would be to take s to be 4 simple numbers, say s= 0, s= 1, s= -1, and s= 2.

If n= 0, your equation is 0= 9B+ 4D. If s= 1, it is 1= 10A+ 10B +5s+ 5D, etc.

Another way to get 4 equations is to multiply out that right side:

s= (As+B)(s^2+9)+ (Cs+D)(s^2+9)= As^3+ Bs^2+ As+ 9B+ Cs^3+ Ds^2+ Cs+ D.
0s^3+ 0s^2+ s+ 0= (A+ C)s^3+ (B+D)s^2+ (A+C)+ B+D.

In order for those to be equal for all s, the "corresponding coefficients" must be the same: we must have A+ C= 0, B+ D= 0, A+ C= 1, and B+ D= 0.

#### vin300

Why can't this be done:
As^2 +9A +Bs^2 +4B=0
A+B=0
9A+4B=s
A=s/5, B=-s/5

#### Mark44

Mentor
Why can't this be done:
As^2 +9A +Bs^2 +4B=0
A+B=0
9A+4B=s
A=s/5, B=-s/5
Mainly because it isn't correct. It took me some time to figure out what you had done, but going back to the OP, I was able to follow your reasoning. In the first post in this thread, a.mlw.walker thought that (incorrectly) that this would be the way to go:
$$\frac{s}{\left(s^{2}+4\right)\left(s^{2}+9\right)} =\frac{A}{s^{2}+4}+\frac{B}{s^{2}+9}$$
And this leads to:
$$s=A\left(s^{2}+9\right)+B\left(s^{2}+4\right)$$

Your first equation is As^2 +9A +Bs^2 +4B=0, but where you have zero on the right side, you should have s, but I think that was a typo on your part. You are reasoning that since there is no s^2 term on the right side, A + B (the coefficient of s^2) has to be zero, and that 9A + 4B has to be s.

Your values for A and B satisfy the equation A + B = 0, but they don't satisfy 9A + 4B = s.

#### vin300

Why not? What is 9s/5 -4s/5 ?

#### a.mlw.walker

Solved it by doing what Mark44 said.

#### Mark44

Mentor
Why not? What is 9s/5 -4s/5 ?
9s/5 - 4s/5 = s

The main problem with your technique is the difference between equations that are identically true (true for all values of the variable) and those that are conditionally true (true only for certain values of the variable). In partial fractions decomposition, the idea is to rewrite the product on the left side below as a sum in such a way that the equation is identically true. A and B on the right side have to be constants.
$$\frac{s}{\left(s^{2}+4\right)\left(s^{2}+9\right)} =\frac{A}{s^{2}+4}+\frac{B}{s^{2}+9}$$

By multiplying both sides by (s2 + 4)(s2 + 9), you get the next equation, which also has to be identically true.
$$s=A\left(s^{2}+9\right)+B\left(s^{2}+4\right)$$

If we group like terms together on the right side, we get
s = (A + B)s2 + (9A + 4B)

This is the same as 0s2 + 1s + 0 = (A + B)s2 + (9A + 4B)

For this equation to be identically true, we have to have A + B = 0 and 9A + 4B = 0 so that the coefficients of s2, s, and the constant term are equal on both sides of the equation. The only way two polynomials of the same degree can be identically equal is for their corresponding coefficients to be equal.

Using you technique, we have A + B = 0 and 9A + 4B = 0, which gives A = B = 0, and we also have an s term on the left side that is not matched on the right side.

As it turns out in this problem, your values of A = s/5 and B = -s/5 happen to work out, but I'm reasonably sure this is only an accident.

#### a.mlw.walker

you were talking to vin300 not me right?

#### HallsofIvy

Science Advisor
Why can't this be done:
As^2 +9A +Bs^2 +4B=0
A+B=0
9A+4B=s
A=s/5, B=-s/5
The whole point of "partial fractions" is that A and B must be constants, not functions of s.

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