A battery functions as a "chemical pump," utilizing chemical energy to create a potential difference by separating charges internally, which generates an electromotive force (EMF). The maximum current a battery can support is determined by its pumping rate. In contrast, a capacitor can be visualized as an empty tank that the battery fills with charge. For a deeper understanding of electrical circuits and capacitance, exploring basic electronics books is recommended. This foundational knowledge enhances comprehension of how batteries and capacitors interact in electrical systems.