The number 1 is classified as a rational number because it can be expressed as 1/1, and all integers, both positive and negative, fall under the category of rational numbers. Rational numbers are defined as numbers that can be expressed as a fraction p/q, where p and q are integers and q is not zero. The discussion clarifies that the square root of 13 is irrational, as it cannot be expressed as a fraction of two integers. Additionally, it is noted that the square root of any non-perfect square is also irrational. Overall, integers and their fractions are rational, while certain roots, like the square root of prime numbers, are not.