victorvmotti said:
Our solar system could be, with a good approximation, be our today.
I'm not sure this rephrasing makes things any clearer. I think what you mean to say is that our solar system, to a good approximation, is following a "comoving" worldline; that is, it is, to a good approximation, at rest in an FRW coordinate system describing the universe. This is true for many purposes, yes; however, note that we can easily detect the error in this approximation, because we can easily measure a dipole anisotropy in the CMBR, which indicates that the velocity of the solar system, relative to a "comoving" worldline, is a few hundred kilometers per second.
The real issue, though, is not how good an approximation the solar system is to a "comoving" object, but how large a distance scale you have to look at before you are looking at dynamics that are primarily governed by the Hubble flow, as opposed to looking at local dynamics of gravitationally bound systems. You appear to recognize that the solar system is a gravitationally bound system, so motions within it are not due to the Hubble flow; but the same is also true for much larger systems. See below.
victorvmotti said:
My question and ambiguity was about approximation, given the current value of Hubble constant, how many years should pass on Earth, so that we can infer that the proper distance between Sun and say Alpha Centauri has increased significantly?
This is the wrong proper distance to look at, because the Sun and Alpha Centauri are both part of a gravitationally bound system, our galaxy. The Hubble constant describes the relative expansion of objects which are *not* part of gravitationally bound systems; that basically means the "objects" are galaxy clusters. So the question should be, how many years would pass on Earth before we can infer that the proper distance between our local galaxy cluster and neighboring galaxy clusters, not gravitationally bound to ours, has increased significantly?
victorvmotti said:
Also, given the effect of a changing scale factor, if we measure interstellar physical distances, for example between Sun and Centauri or intergalactic physical distances, say, between Milky Way and Andromeda
The Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy are also gravitationally bound; they are both part of the "Local Group" of galaxies. The Andromeda galaxy doesn't even show a redshift at all; it is moving *towards* the Milky Way (because of the gravity of the two galaxies), not away from it.
victorvmotti said:
How can we compare the rates of increasing proper distances between interstellar physical distances and intergalactic physical distances based on the FRW metric? Are these rates the same?
Neither of these proper distances can be related to the change in the FRW metric scale factor; you have to look on much larger distance scales. See above.
victorvmotti said:
Back to solar system, the proper distance between Earth and Sun is not changing with time, but apparenlty FRW metric concerns the whole universe and is not applicable to solar system evolution of spacetime.
Yes, that's true, and the same is true for our galaxy, our "Local Group" of galaxies, and even, according to our best current models, a larger galactic cluster of which our Local Group is a part. Which means most of the questions you are asking are the wrong questions; again, you need to look at much larger distance scales. See above.
