Thermal efficiency: reversible and irreversible machines

In summary, the proof of Clausius inequality states that the thermal efficiency of an irreversible machine is strictly less than that of a reversible machine operating between the same temperatures. This is proven through reductio ad absurdum, where it is shown that if the efficiency was strictly greater, it would violate the second principle of thermodynamics. This can also be seen by using an ideal machine to revert the system to its previous state, contradicting the irreversible process.
  • #1
DavideGenoa
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In the proof of Clausius inequality ##\oint\frac{\delta Q}{T}<0## for an irreversible cycle, I always find the fact that the thermal efficiency of an irreversible machine is **stricly less** than the thermal efficiency of a reversible machine, both operating between temperatures ##T_H## and ##T_C##.
Nevertheless my book and all the resources that I have found prove by reductio ad absurdum that, between the temperatures ##T_H## and ##T_C##, the thermal efficiency of an irreversible machine is (only) **less or equal** to the thermal efficiency of a reversible machine because, if it were strictly greater, the positive work done by an irreversible thermal machinee could be used to activate a reversible machine used as a chiller, and the resulting composed machine would produce a flow of heat from a cold source at the temperature ##T_C## to a hot one at the temperature ##T_H##, violating the second principle of thermodynamics.

How can it be proved that the thermal efficiency of an irreversible machine is strictly less than the thermal efficiency of a reversible machine operating between the same two temperatures ##T_C## and ##T_F##?
##\infty## thanks for any answer!
 
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  • #2
If you have machine A exactly at the ideal efficiency, you can use another ideal machine B to revert the system to the previous state. Or just run A backwards. Your irreversible process is now part of a reversible process => contradiction
 
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  • #3
Brilliant answer! Thank you very much!
 

What is thermal efficiency?

Thermal efficiency is a measure of how well a system or machine converts heat into useful work. It is expressed as a percentage and is calculated by dividing the actual work output by the heat input.

What is a reversible machine?

A reversible machine is a theoretical ideal machine that has no energy losses and can run in both forward and reverse directions with the same efficiency. It is used as a benchmark for comparing the performance of real machines.

What is an irreversible machine?

An irreversible machine is a real machine that experiences energy losses due to friction, heat transfer, and other inefficiencies. It can only run in one direction and has a lower thermal efficiency compared to a reversible machine.

How does temperature affect thermal efficiency?

Generally, higher temperatures result in higher thermal efficiency for both reversible and irreversible machines. This is because a larger temperature difference between the heat source and sink allows for more work to be extracted from the system.

What are some practical applications of reversible and irreversible machines?

Reversible machines are used in the design and analysis of thermodynamic systems, while irreversible machines are commonly found in everyday devices such as engines, refrigerators, and power plants. Understanding the differences in thermal efficiency between these machines can help improve their performance and efficiency.

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