Understanding Alloy Microstructures: Slow Cooling vs Precipitation Hardening

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The microstructures of alloys differ significantly based on cooling methods and heat treatments. Slowly cooled alloys typically exhibit a coarse microstructure characterized by larger grains and coarser precipitates. In contrast, to achieve a fine microstructure with fine, dispersed precipitates, rapid quenching below the transition temperature is necessary. Following this, a lower temperature annealing process can refine the microstructure further, enhancing the material's properties.
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how are microstructures of alloys different when slowly cooled and precipitation hardened?
 
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Usually, a slowly cooled structure has a coarse microstructure - larger grains and larger/coarser precipitates. If one wants a fine microstructure and fine, dispersed precipitates, then one must quench below the transition temperature/threshold.

Then one can anneal at a lower temperature.
 

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