Upper limit on the rest mass of neutrinos if. .

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Cosmology can establish an upper limit on neutrino rest mass by analyzing the energy density of neutrinos in the universe, which is estimated at about 450 neutrinos per cubic centimeter. Models of large-scale structure formation help constrain the fraction of energy density attributed to neutrinos, influencing mass limits. The thermal history and properties of the relic neutrino background are critical in this assessment. Understanding these physical mechanisms is essential for accurate mass estimation. Thus, cosmological observations play a significant role in determining neutrino mass limits.
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How can cosmology set an upper limit on the rest mass of neutrinos if we know that the universe contains about 450 neutrinos per cubic centimeter?
 
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The fraction of the energy density of neutrinos in the universe is constrained by models of large scale structure formation. According to the assumed thermal history and properties of the relic neutrino background, this, in turn, puts a upper limit on their mass. You can find some information about the involved physical mechanism and a very pedagogical reference about neutrinos and structure formation in this thread:
https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=185198
 
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