Website title: Are These Vectors Orthogonal, Parallel, or Neither?

[tony873004]

Homework Statement

Determine whether the given vectors are orthogonal, parallel, or neither.

Homework Equations

$$\cos \theta = \frac{{\overrightarrow {\rm{a}} \cdot \overrightarrow {\rm{b}} }}{{\left| {\overrightarrow {\rm{a}} } \right|\left| {\overrightarrow {\rm{b}} } \right|}}\,\, \Rightarrow \,\,\theta = \cos ^{ - 1} \left( {\frac{{\overrightarrow {\rm{a}} \cdot \overrightarrow {\rm{b}} }}{{\left| {\overrightarrow {\rm{a}} } \right|\left| {\overrightarrow {\rm{b}} } \right|}}} \right)$$

The Attempt at a Solution

$$\begin{array}{l}<br /> \overrightarrow {\rm{a}} = 2i + 6j - 4k,\,\,\,\,\overrightarrow {\rm{b}} = - 3{\rm{\hat i}} - {\rm{9\hat j}}\,{\rm{ + }}\,{\rm{6\hat k}} \\ <br /> \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\overrightarrow {\rm{a}} \cdot \overrightarrow {\rm{b}} = \left( {2 \cdot - 3} \right) + \left( {6 \cdot - 9} \right) + \left( { - 4 \cdot 6} \right) = - 6 + \left( { - 54} \right) + \left( { - 10} \right) = - 58 \ne 0{\rm{__not_ orthogonal}} \\ <br /> \\ <br /> \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\cos ^{ - 1} \left( {\frac{{\overrightarrow {\rm{a}} \cdot \overrightarrow {\rm{b}} }}{{\left| {\overrightarrow {\rm{a}} } \right|\left| {\overrightarrow {\rm{b}} } \right|}}} \right) = \cos ^{ - 1} \left( {\frac{{ - 58}}{{\sqrt {2^2 + 6^2 + \left( { - 4} \right)^2 } \sqrt {\left( { - 3} \right)^2 + \left( { - 9} \right)^2 + 6^2 } }}} \right) = \\ <br /> \\ <br /> \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\cos ^{ - 1} \left( {\frac{{ - 58}}{{\sqrt {4 + 36 + 16} \sqrt {9 + 81 + 36} }}} \right) = \\ <br /> \\ <br /> \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\cos ^{ - 1} \left( {\frac{{ - 58}}{{\sqrt {56} \sqrt {126} }}} \right) \approx 133.67^\circ \ne 0^\circ \,{\rm{not_ parallel,}}\,\, \\ <br /> \end{array}$$

But the back of the book says parallel.

 

[Dick]

-4*6=(-24). -6-54-24=-84. That's the dot product of a and b.

 

[tony873004]

-4*6=(-24).

oops. back to 2nd grade for me. Thanks, Dick.

 

[Dick]

BTW you can also see that they are parallel by inspection. (-3/2)*a=b.

 

[foxjwill]

$$\begin{align*}<br /> \textbf{a}\cdot\textbf{b} = 0 & &\Rightarrow & &\textbf{a} \perp \textbf{b}\\<br /> \textbf{a}\times\textbf{b} = \textbf{0} & &\Rightarrow & &\textbf{a} \parallel \textbf{b}<br /> \end{align*}$$

 

[tony873004]

BTW you can also see that they are parallel by inspection. (-3/2)*a=b.

Another student did it this way, but I don't see it. Where does -3 and 2 come from?

$$\begin{align*}<br /> \textbf{a}\cdot\textbf{b} = 0 & &\Rightarrow & &\textbf{a} \perp \textbf{b}\\<br /> \textbf{a}\times\textbf{b} = \textbf{0} & &\Rightarrow & &\textbf{a} \parallel \textbf{b}<br /> \end{align*}$$

Cross product is next chapter, but thanks, that gives me a good preview of what's to come!

 

[foxjwill]

Another student did it this way, but I don't see it. Where does -3 and 2 come from?

Solve each of these for x:

$$\begin{align*}<br /> 2x &= -3\\<br /> 6x &= -9\\<br /> -4x &= 6<br /> \end{align*}$$

 

[tony873004]

I still don't get it. How does solving them demonstrate that a and b are parallel? Sorry, but the book does not explain this method.

 

[tony873004]

now I get it. The -3 is factored out of b, and the 2 is factored out of a, The remaining parts of a and b are equal, therefore parallel.

 

[foxjwill]

now I get it. The -3 is factored out of b, and the 2 is factored out of a, The remaining parts of a and b are equal, therefore parallel.

Exactly. In order for two vectors to be parallel, one must be a constant multiple (in this case $$-\frac{3}{2}$$) of the other.

 

[tony873004]

Now I'm glad I made my original dumb mistake of 6*4=10, or I wouldn't have posted and learned this easier method.

 

[foxjwill]

They say the only way to learn is to make mistakes. ;)