The amount of data a computer can process per second is influenced by several key factors, including CPU speed, CPU word size, memory speed, bus speed and size, threading capabilities, and ALU speed. These elements play a crucial role in determining processing efficiency, particularly in specialized tasks like image processing in robotics. In such contexts, the amount of input/output (I/O) processing required also significantly impacts overall data handling capabilities. Understanding these factors is essential for optimizing performance in applications that involve real-time data processing, such as visual systems in robots.