Why are Cosmic Rays and Hard X-rays Essential for Heating Molecular Clouds?

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Cosmic rays, primarily composed of protons, play a crucial role in heating molecular clouds due to their ability to penetrate deeper than visible light. Hard X-rays also contribute to this heating, while soft X-rays do not have the same effect. The optical depth of molecular clouds is significant, which limits the penetration of visible light and enhances the importance of cosmic rays and hard X-rays. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for grasping the heating processes in astrophysical environments. Seeking clarification from instructors is encouraged for a deeper comprehension of these concepts.
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Hi! I am an student w/ little background in astronomy taking an upper level astro course, and am having some difficulty with basic concepts. Any help is appreciated.

Why are cosmic rays so important for the heating of molecular clouds? I read that hard xrays can heat as well, while soft xrays cannot. Help?
 
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Cosmic rays are mostly protons, not photons.
 
Last edited:
vikasagartha said:
Hi! I am an student w/ little background in astronomy taking an upper level astro course, and am having some difficulty with basic concepts. Any help is appreciated.

Why are cosmic rays so important for the heating of molecular clouds? I read that hard xrays can heat as well, while soft xrays cannot. Help?

Welcome to PF,

I'm not 100% sure of the answer (not an ISM guy), but the relative importance of various heating mechanisms might have something to do with the optical depth of molecular clouds as well (which is large, in the visible). It could be that hard X-rays (and cosmic rays) can simply penetrate farther. Take this with a grain of salt. This is not a question that is too basic or to which you should already know the answer. Ask for clarification in your class!
 

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