Why does antagonising D2 receptors reduce positive schizophrenic symptoms?

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In summary, antagonising D2 receptors can reduce positive schizophrenic symptoms by targeting both D2 long and short receptors, as well as D2 autoreceptors. Excessive activation of D2 receptors can lead to disorganized thoughts and psychotic symptoms, and reducing dopamine activity is currently considered the best approach for managing positive symptoms. Other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and 5-HT, as well as dysfunctions in the GABA system, are also being investigated in relation to schizophrenia. However, there is still limited information available on the differences between D2 long and short receptors, which could benefit from further research.
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foldedelephants
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The title should say: why does antagonising D2 receptors reduce positive schizophrenic symptoms?
It doesn't make sense to me. If positive schizophrenic symptoms are caused by too much dopamine signalling in the mesolimbic system, and D2 receptors hyperpolarise the post synaptic neuron when activated, how does antagonising the D2 receptor reduce activity within the mesolimbic system?
 
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The thing your missing is that there are two types of D2 receptors. There's D2 long and D2 short. Antagonism of only D2 short would result in your conclusion; but, most typical AP's work to antagonize D2 long receptors also. Also keep in mind that the newer atypical antipsychotics also target D2 autoreceptors, leading to reduced responsiveness of dopamine itself to the postsynaptic receptors or heightened response when there are low levels of DA (think aripiprazole).

As to answering your OP's question. Excessive activation of D2 receptors results in attaching significance to mundane and ordinary events leading often to the characteristic disorganized thoughts and psychotic symptoms seen in schizophrenics. Although there is some discussion currently taking place in the psychiatric and neurological community, it's still thought that reducing excessive dopamine activity is the best strategy for reducing positive symptoms (glutamate is being heavily investigated due to also being the most prominent excitatory neurotransmitter). There are other neurotransmitters at play, such as 5-HT, and the 5-HT2A&B&C receptors along with dysfunctions in the GABA system to moderate/regulate the aberrant excitatory activity seen in schizophrenics, which are still being investigated in relation to schizophrenia.
 
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I'm surprised Wikipedia and Google have such lackluster information about the difference between D2-Long and D2-Short receptors, I suppose that could be worked on.
 

1. What are D2 receptors and how do they relate to schizophrenia?

D2 receptors are a type of protein found on the surface of certain brain cells. They play a role in regulating dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is involved in various brain functions including mood, movement, and motivation. In individuals with schizophrenia, there is an imbalance of dopamine in the brain, and it is believed that D2 receptors play a key role in this imbalance.

2. How does antagonising D2 receptors reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Antagonising D2 receptors means blocking or reducing their activity. This can be achieved through the use of antipsychotic medications. By reducing the activity of D2 receptors, the amount of dopamine in the brain is also reduced. This can help alleviate positive symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations and delusions.

3. What are the potential side effects of antagonising D2 receptors?

While antagonising D2 receptors can be an effective treatment for schizophrenia, it can also have side effects. These may include drowsiness, weight gain, movement disorders, and sexual dysfunction. It is important for individuals taking antipsychotic medications to work closely with their doctor to manage any potential side effects.

4. Are there other ways to reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia besides antagonising D2 receptors?

Yes, there are other treatment options for schizophrenia, including psychotherapy, social support, and lifestyle changes. In some cases, a combination of these approaches may be more effective than solely using antipsychotic medication. It is important for individuals with schizophrenia to work with a mental health professional to develop a personalized treatment plan.

5. Can antagonising D2 receptors completely cure schizophrenia?

No, antagonising D2 receptors cannot cure schizophrenia. It can help reduce positive symptoms, but it does not address the underlying causes of the disorder. Additionally, each individual may respond differently to treatment, and it may take time to find the right medication and dosage that works for them. Ongoing treatment and management is important for individuals with schizophrenia to maintain symptom control and improve overall quality of life.

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