Why is NTM Time Complexity Guessing Polynomial?

In summary, the conversation discusses the computation of a non-deterministic Turing machine (NTM) and its relationship to the depth of its configuration tree. The highlighted example shows that choosing a specific list of nodes costs polynomial time, but there is concern about the number of configurations to check. It is explained that because the NTM can branch to any finite number of configurations, there is no overhead and the time-complexity is not exponential. This is also attributed to the possibility of "luckily" choosing a configuration that leads to acceptance.
  • #1
CGandC
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Homework Statement
Not homework but something I don't understand: Why is the time-complexity of ## N_1 ## below not exponential due to the overhead of going over all possible configurations?
Relevant Equations
NTM = nondeterministic Turing machine

Running time of a nondeterministic Turing machine that is a decider is the depth of its configuration tree ( the length of the longest branch in the tree ).
1688116665509.png

( Source: Introduction to the theory of computation, Michael Sipser, 3rd edition )

I know the computation of a non-deterministic Turing machine ( NTM ) which is a decider is defined to be the depth of its configuration tree.

In the above example of showing that ## HAMPATH \in NP ##, where it's highlighted in red - I understand that choosing a specific list of nodes costs polynomial time which is the depth of the configuration tree. However, we seem to be choosing every possible option for a list of ## m ## vertices, thus, we have at least ## O(m^m) ## configurations to check, so why is the running time of ## N_1 ## polynomial? shouldn't it be exponential?
 
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  • #2
CGandC said:
Why is the time-complexity of ## N_1 ## below not[corrected] exponential due to the overhead of going over all possible configurations?
Because it is an NTM: there is no overhead in branching to any finite number of configurations. Alternatively we can imagine that it can "luckily" choose any configuration that leads to acceptance.
 
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  • #3
I understand now, thanks.
 
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Likes pbuk, berkeman and jim mcnamara

1. Why is NTM time complexity guessing polynomial?

The time complexity of a nondeterministic Turing machine (NTM) is considered to be polynomial because it can be solved in polynomial time on a deterministic Turing machine. This means that the time required for an NTM to solve a problem is bounded by a polynomial function of the input size.

2. What is the significance of polynomial time complexity?

Polynomial time complexity is significant because it indicates that a problem can be solved efficiently. This means that as the input size increases, the time required to solve the problem also increases at a manageable rate. In contrast, problems with exponential time complexity become increasingly difficult to solve as the input size grows.

3. How does the NTM achieve polynomial time complexity?

The NTM achieves polynomial time complexity through its ability to explore multiple paths simultaneously. This means that the machine can "guess" the correct path to take in order to solve a problem, rather than trying all possible paths one by one. This greatly reduces the time required to solve a problem.

4. Are all problems solvable in polynomial time by an NTM?

No, not all problems can be solved in polynomial time by an NTM. While the NTM can solve many problems efficiently, there are still some problems that are considered to be "hard" and require exponential time complexity to solve. These problems are known as NP-hard problems.

5. How does the concept of polynomial time complexity relate to the P vs NP problem?

The P vs NP problem is a famous open problem in computer science that asks whether all problems with solutions that can be quickly verified (NP problems) can also be quickly solved (P problems). The concept of polynomial time complexity is central to this problem, as it is believed that if P equals NP, then all NP problems can be solved in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine.

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