Inertia Definition and 1000 Threads

Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its velocity. This includes changes to the object's speed, or direction of motion.
An aspect of this property is the tendency of objects to keep moving in a straight line at a constant speed, when no forces act upon them.
Inertia comes from the Latin word, iners, meaning idle, sluggish. Inertia is one of the primary manifestations of mass, which is a quantitative property of physical systems. Isaac Newton defined inertia as his first law in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, which states:

The vis insita, or innate force of matter, is a power of resisting by which every body, as much as in it lies, endeavours to preserve its present state, whether it be of rest or of moving uniformly forward in a straight line.
In common usage, the term "inertia" may refer to an object's "amount of resistance to change in velocity" or for simpler terms, "resistance to a change in motion" (which is quantified by its mass), or sometimes to its momentum, depending on the context. The term "inertia" is more properly understood as shorthand for "the principle of inertia" as described by Newton in his first law of motion: an object not subject to any net external force moves at a constant velocity. Thus, an object will continue moving at its current velocity until some force causes its speed or direction to change.
On the surface of the Earth, inertia is often masked by gravity and the effects of friction and air resistance, both of which tend to decrease the speed of moving objects (commonly to the point of rest). This misled the philosopher Aristotle to believe that objects would move only as long as force was applied to them.The principle of inertia is one of the fundamental principles in classical physics that are still used today to describe the motion of objects and how they are affected by the applied forces on them.

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  1. I_Try_Math

    Analyzing torque of an automobile engine

    My strategy for this problem is to use the equation, ## \sum \tau = I\alpha ## to find ## \alpha ##. ## I_{total} = I_{shaft} + I_{axle} + 2(I_{wheel}) ## ## I_{wheel} = I_{disk (hub)} + I_{ring (wall)} + I_{ring (treads)} ## Is this the correct way to calculate the moment of inertia?
  2. I_Try_Math

    Finding the angular velocity of a pendulum

    My answer disagrees with the textbook and I have a feeling it may be due to how I calculated the moment of inertia. Is there anything obviously wrong with my calculation? Any help is appreciated. ## I_{sphere} = \frac{2}{5}MR^2 + Md^2 ## ## I_{rod} = \frac{1}{3}ML^2 + Md^2 ## ## I_{sphere} =...
  3. Math Amateur

    I A. P. French "Matter and Radiation: The Inertia of Energy"

    I am reading A. P. French's book: "Special Relativity". Currently I am focused on the section: "Matter and Radiation: The Inertia of Energy." Under the heading: "Matter and Radiation: The Inertia of Energy", French writes the following: In the above text by Young...
  4. davidortenn79

    B Why is it impossible to go faster than the speed of light?

    Ok, I took like a class in physics in college. It was a class to learn physics for majors that we really didn't care. I remember him saying, if you remember anything from this class, remember inertia. That's about all I remember from the class... lol. But, I don't understand why it's...
  5. potatoboy

    I How to find moment of inertia of an insect?

    Hello, I am curious to find the moment of inertia of an insect. My guess is that I use the formula to find the moment of inertia. I would appreciate any help.
  6. dcmf

    Compare rotational inertia of 2 paper cups in 2 diff orientations

    Figure 1: I assume this is a conceptual question regarding the usage of the above inertia equations but the axes are really confusing me. I would imagine that around I1 and I3, you could say that the total inertia is just the sum of all the ring-shaped "slices" of the paper cups (i.e. use the...
  7. F

    Calculating Flywheel Inertia Using Conservation of Energy Equations?

    I am stuck on what to do to calculate the inertia of a flywheel using the method described. I am supposed to use conservation of energy equations to calculate the inertia. I have a picture of the experiment and also the measurements I have taken. It seems each method I try I get a different...
  8. G

    I Inertia/Non-inertial frame - isotropy

    It's known that in inertial frame, space is isotropic. (statement of this where I have taken out of is attached as image) When we talk about an uniform accelerated train, ground frame is considered as inertial frame(at least in newtonian mechanics). So if ground frame is considered such as...
  9. Vic43

    Counteracting the inertia of Earth's rotation

    I am at the equator with a drone capable of 1000mph speeds and the ability to hover. If the sun (or another fixed point in space) was directly overhead and I waited for the earth to rotate 1000 miles then launched the drone and flew 1000mph against the earths spin till the sun was directly...
  10. P

    I How Is Power Calculated in a Rotating System with Variable Speed?

    So I have a system in which there is a disc with a moment of inertia of 1248.68. this system can rotate this disc from zero RPMs to 36 RPMs and approximately 2 seconds. How would I go about determining how much power is exerted to do said work? Many thanks
  11. KataruZ98

    I Inertia of body moving about two distinct parallel axes

    Considering a cylindrical rigid body of length 3 m and wide one. The body is rotating about an axis passing through one of its bases and perpendicular in respect to the length. At the same time, the same cylinder is orbiting about another axis parallel to the first — but distanced 10 m from the...
  12. G

    Setting Up a Mechanical/Electrical Inertia Measurement of Propellerarm

    Hello Everybody I'd like to set up a mechanical or electrical inertiameasurement of a Propellerarm that is in rotation, while the thrust (rpm of propeller) is rising. Maybe with a forcespring, a pendulum, camera (timer)... Not sure how to set it up nicely. Any suggestions? Best George P.
  13. G

    I Moment of inertia and contact force

    Two rotating cylinders are held in contact by a force F1. The force is applied through the center of one of the cylinders. One cylinder is the driving cylinder and the other is the driven cylinder . Does the moment of inertia of the system depends on the force contact force F1? Why? And...
  14. A

    Moment of inertia problem involving a cylinder rolling down an incline

    a=2/3*g*sin(25*(pi/180))=>a=2.8507 m/s^2 vf=vi+at=>vf=0+2.8507*1.50=>vf=4.2760 m/s So the translational motion of the cylinder is 4.2760 m/s. 4.2760=R*w w=134.04 rad/s PE=mgh=>PE=215*9.8*.108=>PE=227.56 J PE = KE at the end of the roll because of energy conservation. 227.56 =...
  15. J

    Moment of inertia question for two plates welded together

    If two plates of Aluminum (both are 2" tall, and 1/2" thick) were placed over each other (see photo 1) and then welded together all around the perimeter of the second plate (the blue one) as indicated by the yellow lines in photo 2, then would the moment of inertia be calculated as if the local...
  16. M

    Rotational inertia of square about axis perpendicular to its plane

    For this problem, How do we calculate the moment of inertia of (2) and (3)? For (3) I have tried, ##I_z = \int r^2 \, dm ## ## ds = r ## ##d\theta ## ##\lambda = \frac {dm}{ds}## ##\lambda ## ##ds = dm ## ## \lambda r ## ##d\theta = dm ## ##I_z = \lambda \int r^3 d\theta ## ##I_z = \lambda...
  17. G

    Is Moment of Inertia Dependent on Surface Movement Away from Axis?

    Statement figure: My attempt at a solution: FIGURE 1 ##\rightarrow A=a^2## CG ##\rightarrow \overline{x}=-a/2, y=-a/2## $$\overline{Ix}_1=\dfrac{bh^3}{12}=\overline{Iy}_1=\dfrac{a^4}{12}$$ $$Ix_1=\overline{Ix}_1+\overline{y}^2A=\dfrac{a^4}{12}+\dfrac{a^4}{4}=\dfrac13 a^4\...
  18. G

    I Calculating Mass Inertia Product - Examples 1 & 2

    How is the mass inertia product calculated? I have two examples and each one uses something different. Example 1: Example 2: moments and product of inertia of the cylinder
  19. S

    Rotating Rod in Plane: Kinetic Energy & Moment of Inertia

    hello guys, I wanted to ask whether I can just consider/think about this as being rotation around a fixed axis in a plane representing it as if it was 'just' a rod. This is mainly so that for the kinetic energy in the second position is where if we think about it in just a plane. Is this...
  20. P

    Is a Larger DC Motor Needed for Low Wind Speed Power Generation?

    Hello, I am not sure if this is the correct forum. I was torn between Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering and I thought I would start here. I have been kicking around an idea for a DIY project and realizing I don't know enough about DC motors to find the parts I need. In this use...
  21. L

    Moment of Inertia of something that rotates

    Hi, unfortunately, I am completely confused about the task It is about the task part a I have now defined the two rotations as follows: The thin disc rotates around the ##z## axis, red in the picture, and then the rod to which the disc is attached rotates around the ##z_I## axis, in the...
  22. L

    Inertia tensor around principal Axes part 2

    Hi, it's about the task e) Since the density is homogeneous, I have assumed the following for ##\rho=\frac{M}{V}##. I then started the proof of ##I_{23}##, the integral looks like this: $$ I_{23}=\int_{}^{} -\frac{M}{V}r'_2r'_3 d^3r$$ Now I apply the transformation $$ I_{23}=\int_{}^{}...
  23. L

    Inertia tensor around principal Axes

    Hi, unfortunately, I am not getting anywhere with the following task The inertia tensor is as follows $$\left( \begin{array}{rrr} I_{11} & I_{12} & I_{13} \\ I_{21} & I_{22} & I_{23} \\ I_{31} & I_{32} & I_{33} \\ \end{array}\right)$$ I had now thought that I could simply rotate the...
  24. H

    Solving for 'a' with Torque, Force, and Mass Moment of Inertia

    What I did was plug in the outer radius time the force into the torque and then the mass moment of inertia is equal to m*ro^2 so then I plugged in the mass times the radius of gyration squared into I and solved for a but this is not right.
  25. N

    I Moment of Inertia about an axis and Torque about a point

    Angular Momentum and Torque are defined about a point. But Moment of Inertia of a body is defined about an axis. There are equations which connect Angular momentum and Torque with Moment of Inertia. How will this be consistent? When I say that the torque of a force acting on a body about a point...
  26. Sri_Vars

    Automotive How to calculate the inertia of gearbox?

    Do I have to sum the inertia of all the gears and shafts? If so, how to do that?
  27. S

    Moment of inertia of T bar about 3 axes

    Using the equation above I get Xcm = 0.022 m. I set the origin be at the left of the vertical rod parallel to its centre of mass as in the diagram. But I’m not sure if the equation is correct for 3d. for the moments of inertia I am using I = Icm + md^2 = (mr^2)/2 + md^2 where d is the...
  28. A

    Inertia from four masses connected by massless rigid rods

    I found xcm = 6.2cm, ycm = 4.9cm, but am unsure of how to tackle the inertia part of the problem.
  29. Math Amateur

    I The Inertia Tensor .... Determining Components of Angular Momentum ....

    I am reading Tensor Calculus for Physics by Dwight E. Neuenschwander and am having difficulties in following his logic regarding proceeding to derive the components of Angular Momentum and from there the components of the Inertia Tensor ... On page 36 we read the following: In the above text...
  30. S

    Can every symmetric matrix be a matrix of inertia?

    Hello, I am often designing math exams for students of engineering. What I ask is the following: Can I choose any real 3x3 symmetric matrix with positive eigenvalues as a realistic matrix of inertia? Possibly, there are secret connections between the off-diagonal elements (if not zero)...
  31. AF Fardin

    Moment of inertia of a double physical pendulum

    I am having trouble to find the moment of inertia of the second rod! Is it related to the first rod?? At the beginning I thought It's not! But when took those as constant,the equation had become way much simpler and there is nothing about chaos! My approach is given below
  32. L

    Moment of inertia of a uniform square plate

    I placed my Oxy coordinate system at the center of the square, the ##x##-axis pointing rightwards and the ##y##-axis pointing upwards. I divided the square into thin vertical strips, each of height ##h=2(\frac{L}{\sqrt{2}}-x)##, base ##dx## and mass ##dm=\sigma h...
  33. S

    I Explaining how the Higgs fields gives particles mass

    Physicists say the Higgs Field is like syrup and slows particles down from the speed of light. Wouldn’t it be easier and more correct to say there are no particles, just fields, and the strength of the coupling of the electron, photon, quark etc. fields with the Higgs field determines their...
  34. C

    I How Does Centrifugal Force Affect Objects on a Rotating Disk?

    I believe I understand centripetal force, acceleration is necessary for something to spin in a circle because things normally want to continue moving in a straight line (Newton's first law), so a force is necessary to keep something rotating. If you have an object fastened to a rotating disk it...
  35. V

    Moment of inertia of a disk about an axis not passing through its CoM

    I have come up with two different approaches, but I'm not sure which one is correct since they give different answers. We use the following equation to get the total moment of inertia. ##I_o## = moment of inertia of disk about O axis + moment of inertia of road about O axis Approach 1...
  36. GopherTv

    B How to find the Moment of Inertia for a Sphero robot?

    What kind of experiment can I design to determine the actual value of the moment of inertia. What should I instruct the sphero to do and what data should I collect?
  37. jaketodd

    B Are zero-point energy and inertia incompatible?

    With zero-point energy, endlessly jittering everything around randomly, nothing is ever at rest, and never moving at a constant speed (inertia). But we've been getting along without knowledge of it for quite a while! Haha. So, since it's random, and produces such little variations, maybe it...
  38. V

    What is the "r" in the moment of inertia?

    We solved this problem in class as follows: Net torque about the center of the pulley taking counterclockwise rotation to be positive = m1gR - m2gR = I_tot α, where I_tot is the moment of inertia of the full system. My professor said that I_tot = I + m1R^2 + m2R^2, where m1R^2 is the moment...
  39. George Keeling

    I Time derivative of the moment of inertia tensor

    I am completely stuck on problem 2.45 of Blennow's book Mathematical Models for Physics and Engineering. @Orodruin It says "We just stated that the moment of inertia tensor ##I_{ij}## satisfies the relation$${\dot{I}}_{ij}\omega_j=\varepsilon_{ijk}\omega_jI_{kl}\omega_l$$Show that this relation...
  40. A

    Find the inertia of a sphere radius R with rotating axis through the center

    $$I = \int{r^2dm}$$ $$dm = \sigma dV$$ $$dV = 4\pi r^2dr$$ $$\sigma = \frac{M}{\frac{4}{3}\pi*R^3}$$ $$I = \sigma 4 \pi \int_0^R{r^4 dr} = \frac{3*MR^2}{5},$$ which is not the correct moment of inertia of a sphere
  41. M

    What's wrong with my solution? -- Area moment of inertia

    I used the parallel axis theorem to solve the question but my answer is still wrong. Any ideas where I slipped? I can't seem to figure out the problem?
  42. Carlos Torres

    B Does the inertia of matter change in a black hole?

    Hi everyone, I was in physics class and the professor asked if the inertia of matter changes in a black hole and I would like to know if anyone has the answer to this question.
  43. DrunkElk1601

    I Energy Transfer Between Inertia Wheels

    Been 20 years since college physics. I have a problem where there are basically two inertia wheels on separate shafts coupled by a clutch. One wheel is spinning and the other is at rest. The clutch engages and connects the shafts. What's the final rpm of both wheels? I'm struggling to find a...
  44. curiousPep

    I Resolve moment of inertia at an angle

    Initially, I calculate the moment of inertia of of a square lamina (x-z plane). Thr this square is rotated an angle $\theta$ about a vertex and I need to calculate the new moment of inertia about that vertex. Can I split the rotated square to two squares in the x-z plane and y-z plane to find...
  45. E

    Calculate Deflection for Aluminium Tube Beam - Inertia, Mass & δ

    Hi There, I am wanting to calculate the amount of deflection (δ) from a simply supported Beam. My Beam is an Aluminium Tube ø30mm with a 3mm Wall Thickness. Force (F) - 500N Length (L) - 610mm Youngs Modulus (E) - 68 Gpa Moment of Inertia (I) - ? δ = F L³ ∕ 48 E I Q1: Is this the correct...
  46. SpaceThoughts

    I How to calculate gyroscopic inertia this setup?

    This text refers to the photo below. The wheel in the middle can rotate vertically without friction. The construction around it can rotate the wheel horizontally as well, also without friction. When the blue weight is falling while the wheel is not rotating, I can calculate the kinetic energi...
  47. A

    Moment of Inertia of a 4 rod system

    This was the question (The line below is probably some translation of upper line in different language) For disc it was ma^2/2 For ring it was ma^2 For square lamina it was 2ma^2/3 For rods It was different Please explain Thank You🙏
  48. G

    Inertia units for a synchronous machine

    Hello everyone, I'm sorry if this is not the right sub-forum to post this, but this doubt has been haunting me for a while. I've got some rotatory machine -let's say, generic synchronous machine-. Turns out there are typical values for [kg m^2] (inertia) in the 2-10 range; the software I'm...
  49. Tapias5000

    How to determine the same moment of inertia in two different ways?

    My solution is now I am asked for the same result but in this form but I don't know where to start.
  50. S

    B What would happen if there were no inertia?

    This is a theoretical question, not based on anything in real life, only theory. A thought experiment. Now, say that something does not have any inertia, or mass, whichever term you want to use is fine. Now, if a force were exerted on this theoretical object, how fast would it accelerate? Also...
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