What is Paper: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, almost all is now made on large machines—some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, packaging, decorating, writing, cleaning, filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency and security paper and a number of industrial and construction processes.
The papermaking process developed in east Asia, probably China, at least as early as 105 CE, by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BCE in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States following.

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  1. 1

    Einstein's original paper question

    Hi, by reading the Einstein's original derivation of the E=mc2 formula (http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/www/), Einstein does an approximation by neglecting higher order derivatives before arriving at E=mc2. But, as far as I know, E equals mc2 precisely. Does anyone know why...
  2. wolram

    How Does String Theory Address the Cosmological Constant Problem?

    http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0610211 Authors: Raphael Bousso Comments: 38 pages, 6 figures. Based on a talk given at the conference in honor of the 90th birthday of Charles Townes (Berkeley, October 2005), and on a colloquium at Stanford University After reviewing the cosmological constant...
  3. S

    Question regarding paper 5 ocr physics Click this

    Hi , I m greg, i am having problems with the paper 5 design experiment section. Its like when i see the question, i am totally blank i can't predict which apparatus suitable for the experiment and my exams will be in 2 days time...Is there any tips and tricks for the experiment planning...
  4. S

    Looking for a fiber optics paper

    I found an interesting paper a few weeks ago, but I haven't been able to find it again. The paper concerned using an electro-optic (LiNbO3) phase modulator to generate bandwidth on a pulse, and then using a spatial light modulator to shape the bandwidth and get a nice clean compressed pulse...
  5. marcus

    Most Influential Paper third quarter 2006

    Which of these do you expect to have the greatest future influence on research? Papers are listed alphabetically by author. A. Barrett and Connes These are paired in the poll, since Barrett and Connes arrived at the same result at the same time. http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0608221 A...
  6. X

    What if Newton and Einstein had a conversation about the twin paradox?

    Hi all, I am taking modern physics this semester and just received my first writing assignment. The assignment asks me to write a short play centered on a dialogue between Issac Newton and Albert Einstein. These two scientists are to discuss the twin paradaox, with Einstein attempting to...
  7. George Jones

    New Nature Paper: Old Ia Supernovae different?

    A http://www.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0609616" claims that a super-Chandrasekhar Ia supernova has been found, and that "Super-Chandrasekhar mass SNe Ia should preferentially occur in a young stellar population." This, obviously, could have implications for cosmology. These "new" supernovae can...
  8. B

    Winning the Paper Tower Challenge

    I've spent about 6 horus this weekend trying to construct to build a paper tower that will support thick textbook 14 inches off the ground. the requirement is that it weigh less than 15 g. you can use tape and paper and that's it. Cylinders cannot exceed 5 cm in diameter. Tried making a bunch...
  9. D

    What are some potential research paper topics in the field of quantum computing?

    Hey everyone, I need to do a research paper on a recent innovation in Physics. Anyone have any splended ideas? Thanks a bunch! :wink:
  10. marcus

    Dcase initiative to discuss Khovanov paper

    Dcase you accidentally put this in the bibliography thread, where we don't have extra room for discussion. Biblio is primarily for links to preprints and abstracts of selected new research---non-string QG. Please make a separate thread to initiate discussion of any of the papers in the...
  11. marcus

    Please shoot this, somebody (Laura Mersini-Houghton paper)

    I noticed this on arxiv today. It is by a legitimate academic researcher and it MAY be reasonable for all I know. I can't judge. She is at the UNC-Chapel Hill department of Physics and Astronomy. But my initial impression is weirdness. I would like to be able to go to sleep tonight confident...
  12. marcus

    How Does Differential Geometry Help Calculate the Cosmological Constant?

    http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0609004 Calculation of the Cosmological Constant by Unifying Matter and Dark Energy Torsten Asselmeyer-Maluga, Helge Rosé 23 pages, submitted to Adv. Theor. Math. Phys "We show that the differential-geometric description of matter by differential structures of...
  13. C

    How to Create a Pop-Up Effect with Paper?

    Hi can anyone tell me how to make a paper pop out ? something like the picture here .
  14. A

    Exploring the Possibilities of Paper Cup Telephones

    OKay this question is so vague. I need opinions on what it could possibly mean. What happens when a person blows between two paper cups that are hung by strings 10 cm apart? Now i am trying to imagine how this would look. Is the string going through both cups like one of those little kid...
  15. F

    LQG Dirac Quantization in Parametrized Field Theory: Madhavan Varadarajan

    This is something I thought I should do if nobody else would by the time I had learned enough to do it: gr-qc/0607068: Title: Dirac Quantization of Parametrized Field Theory Authors: Madhavan Varadarajan Comments: 33 pages Parametrized field theory (PFT) is free field...
  16. marcus

    Particles as loops (new Freidel paper)

    I expect this to turn out to be an important non-string QG paper this year. http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0607014 Particles as Wilson lines of gravitational field L. Freidel, J. Kowalski--Glikman, A. Starodubtsev 19 pages "Since the work of Mac-Dowell-Mansouri it is well known that gravity...
  17. N

    Paper Presentation Topics in Electronics and Communication Engineering

    hi out of my own interest i want to present papers in various symposiums. i am an electronics n communication enginerin student. i'd b obliged if u could provide me a list of probable topics on which papers could b presented in my field ( ECE) by me. thanks in advance narasimhan:smile:
  18. A

    Campiglia-Di Bartolo-Gambini-Pullin Paper

    Did someone give a look in it already? Uniform discretizations: a quantization procedure for totally constrained systems including gravity http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0606121" The abstract is: And it's just 4 pages long. Any comments from someone who have already read?
  19. A

    Exploring Paper Plane Physics: Size & Flight Properties

    Hi. I'm a middle school student messing around with some paper airplanes. I am wondering how the size of the paper I use affects the properties of flight like distance and flying time and how well the plane flies. I tried a few sizes of paper and found a good one. What controls this? I know...
  20. L

    Mysterious Phenomenon: Throwing Paper out a Train Window

    hey, is it possible, that when you throw a piece of a newspaper true the window of a train, the paper enters back at the following window ? thx laurens
  21. H

    Graph Paper Idea - Find a Solution for Math Homework

    Not so sure on hwere to post this but here it is, Im sitting here doing math homework and thinking abuot how much i hate having to bust out graph paper when i want to make a graph, i also hate normal college rule paper because of the line so i normally just use an spiral art pad for math...
  22. mattmns

    Who Really Won in the Game of Rock Paper Scissors During WWII?

    http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=2050910 :rofl:
  23. A

    Use a standard A4 paper to form a block

    Hi! How to use a A4 paper to form a largerest volume block?
  24. S

    Understanding Formal Math: Explaining Turing Machines in Simple Terms

    PLEASE help me understand this paper! (Formal math stuff) Right now in my class we're being given a short introduction to theoretical CS. We're learning not from a book but from our teacher's Ph.D. thesis! The thesis is HEAVY on formal math and I can't follow it... I've been trying for DAYS and...
  25. D

    Robert B. Mann et al: Black String Solutions w/ Negative Cosmological Constant

    "Black string solutions with negative cosmological constant" By Robert B. Mann, Eugen Radu, Cristian Stelea It is a remarkable work in my point of view. They present an arguments for the existence of new black string solutions with negative cosmological constant. These higher-dimensional...
  26. P

    Is it Realistic to Write a Research Paper on Quantum Physics in High School?

    I want to do a research paper on quantum physics for a scholarship. I am really awed by it and want to learn everything about it. My question is, is it realistic to write a research paper on quantum physics and have it complete by october? I have bought some books on it and am reading them...
  27. marcus

    The Issue of the Beginning (new paper by Ashtekar)

    watching worldview change bit by bit is like watching grass grow. In a preprint posted today on arxiv, Abhay Ashtekar provided a bit more support to the view that black hole bounce may bridge to another big bang this paper is a write-up of a talk he gave last year. a large part is aimed at...
  28. mattmns

    History Cramming for a History Paper: How to Get it Done in a Hurry

    I have an 8-12 page history paper due wednesday morning and I have written only 1 page so far :groan: Any suggestions on how to get it done in an easy way? If I could, I would seriously pay someone $100 to do it. The class is so boring, I just wish they would give me a B and let me go lol...
  29. Curious3141

    Requesting Assistance to Access Paper on Infinite LC Ladder Networks

    I'm interested in understanding the physics of infinite LC ladder networks (not homework or coursework). There's a paper that looks good on the subject in the American Journal of Physics, but I don't have a subscription. Could some kind soul who has an unlimited subscription (so it wouldn't...
  30. W

    Are Seatbelts Really Safe? Exploring the Controversy and Alternative Solutions

    So I'm writing a paper on why seatbelts are dangerous Hello all, I just started here and I am writing a 10 page paper on why seatbelts are dangerous. I am using the concenpts of Newton's First Law, Impulse, and Momentum. I can not stray away from those unless it proves my thesis as to why...
  31. Y

    Why is my paper very difficult to be published?

    Why is my paper very difficult to be published? My paper entitled Advanced gravity theory, I have submitted it hundreds times, but I still failed. I am very doubtful on this bother. Why my paper is so difficult to be published? Some editors said my paper's quality doesn't reach their...
  32. 0

    Can a PTM simulate a one-tape Turing machine in O(T^2) time?

    This was a bonus problem that I missed on the last homework. A paper tape Turing machine (PTM) is a Turing machine whose tape alphabet is partially ordered, and if a is a symbol on a square of the tape, then b can only be written on that square if b is greater than a in the partial order...
  33. marcus

    Rafael Porto: the new paper with Gambini and Pullin

    Rafael Porto is a young QG researcher who visited us at this forum and posted some in late 2004. He posted a mere 7 posts, but more recently, even when not posting, he has occasionally shown up to read. Porto is now at Carnegie-Mellon. Porto publishes with the team of Gambini and Pullin. They...
  34. marcus

    Congratulations to Christine on the new paper

    just posted today http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0604544 Energy Ranking Preservation in a N-Body Cosmological Simulation Christine C. Dantas (IAE/CTA, Brazil), Fernando M. Ramos (LAC/INPE, Brazil) 8 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in the MNRAS "In this paper we present a study of the...
  35. D

    Surprising Costs of Publishing a Paper with Nature

    How much do you have to pay if you want to publish a paper or send a letter to readers on Nature ? Please don't laugh at me, I truly never thought authors had to pay when they want to publish their papers till that day...:blushing: Thanks
  36. Math Is Hard

    Will One Red Paperclip Be Traded for a House?

    http://oneredpaperclip.blogspot.com/ Think he'll get that house?
  37. S

    Physics Test Mystery: Paper Flight Through Bernoulli's Theorem

    I got this question on my physics test "What will happen if you blow over a piece of paper?" I answered that with enough blowing, the wind created would make the paper fly off. Apparently according to my teacher, the correct answer was that from Bernouilli's theorem, the air velocity above...
  38. T

    Medical Writing a research paper on Autism

    I'm writing a research paper on Autism, and I couldn't find much information on fraternal twins who suffer from Autism. So really if one Child suffers from Autism what are the chances that the second will also suffer, and any other information within the twins area. Thanks in advance
  39. marcus

    Most Influential Paper 2006 (first quarter)

    Abhay Ashtekar http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0604013 Quantum Nature of the Big Bang: An Analytical and Numerical Investigation I John Baez et al http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0603085 Exotic Statistics for Loops in 4d BF Theory Louis Crane http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0602120 Categorical...
  40. marcus

    Arivero: Quantum Area & Time Bounds in Relativistic QM

    http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0603123 Some bounds extracted from a quantum of area Alejandro Rivero 10 pages, no figures "Asking very elementary relativistic quantum mechanics to meet quantums of area and time, it is possible to observe at a general level: a) the seesaw bound for the mass of...
  41. S

    Who can find this paper for me?

    I want to read this paper: "Sh. M. Kogan, Sov. Phys. Solid State 5, 2069 1964." However it is too old so I can't find it. Who can find it for me? Can you send it to this email: hjq_seu@hotmail.com. thank you very much!
  42. wolram

    Burning Paper on Open Fires - What are the Red Hot Threads?

    A thing i have noticed when burning paper on an open fire, the paper has burnt, and left a carbonized sheet, every so often a red hot thin thread travels along it, even on a very hot roaring fire the sheet will stay intact for several minutes, but what are these red hot threads burning.
  43. A

    About writing and publishing a paper

    Let's say I write a paper. It's my first paper after my (unpublished) dissertation and is written in my spare time at home. I don't have any physics peers to show the paper too, apart from those at PF, however I am naturally worried about copyright stuff. It would be great to get it read by...
  44. marcus

    Louis Crane's great paper on categorical geometry

    Louis Crane has contributed a great paper to Dan Oriti's "QG Approaches" book. I started a thread on Crane's paper when it made arxiv in February, but to get a better focus on it I want to start a fresh thread. Around 1 March, Crane corrected an error in the abstract and reposted on arxiv...
  45. J

    Why is a paper falling slower than a heavier object?

    Why is that a paper which is freely falling down takes a longer time to approach the ground than a heavier object say a ball which is freely falling?
  46. N

    He who has read paper Phys Rev. on Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles

    He who has read paper Phys Rev. on "Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles" My question concerns the bound (collective) states from paper “Dynamical model of Elementary particles”. So the bound (collective) states are considered in chapter IV. I attach the file (extract from Y. Nambu and G...
  47. marcus

    Quantum nature of big bang (new Ashtekar paper)

    this just out http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0602086 final sentence of conclusions: "...our results show that the quantum geometry in the Planck regime serves as a ‘quantum bridge’ between large classical universes, one contracting and the other expanding." words leading up to the above: "...we...
  48. BobG

    Never use the last of the toilet paper

    How mad do you get when you find out there's no toilet paper left? Especially if you waited until it was too late to check. Man allegedly killed roommate over toilet paper
  49. DaveC426913

    Rock, paper, scissors revisited

    I rather liked https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=110807", and thought it had potential (for imagination that is - HINT HINT :rolleyes:), but it was shut down when it became too silly. With Evo's permission (granted), and Mattara's permission (pending), I'd like to start it again...
  50. M

    What Beats What in Rock, Paper, Scissors?

    Another forum game: Here's how it works: The Rules: 1 - No posting something that can't be beaten (God is the traditional example of an unbeatable object; however, Parallel Universes is a much better example, since it could be argued that atheism or Buddhism beats God...) 2 - The...
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