What is Paper: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, almost all is now made on large machines—some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, packaging, decorating, writing, cleaning, filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency and security paper and a number of industrial and construction processes.
The papermaking process developed in east Asia, probably China, at least as early as 105 CE, by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BCE in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States following.

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  1. L

    Einstein's June 30 1905 paper - help please with the maths

    I have read the Einstein June 30, 1905 paper "On the Electrodynamics of moving bodies" but I can't see how he did the following (the text I've quoted below is on page 6 in my .pdf version): " 1/2 [ T(0,0,0,t) + T(0,0,0,t + x'/(c-v) + x'(c+v)] = T[x',0,0,t + x'/(c-v)] Hence, if...
  2. marcus

    Our picks for first quarter 2011 MIP (most important QG paper)

    Multiple choices are possible in the poll, so please select several papers if you wish. Of these twenty candidates, choose the paper or papers which you think will contribute most significantly to future quantum gravity research. Abstract summaries follow in the next post. Diffeomorphisms in...
  3. M

    (BSME only) Scientific Paper Question

    I only have a BSME with a very small amount of work experience (I graduated recently). I'm hoping that there is a decent scientific journal out there that would seriously look at my paper regardless of my credentials (or lack thereof), review it, and if they find it correct publish it. Also, I...
  4. W

    Help My Science vs. Religion paper

    Hi, I initiated a discussion that got over heated before this simple question was answred so perhaps someone would like to comment on it. This began as a simple question regarding evolution and for me has become the focal point of a series of papers for a writing class. The discussion was...
  5. S

    Admissions Is Fear of Rejection Holding You Back from Pursuing Your Ph.D?

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  6. marcus

    Probability of Inflation in Loop Quantum Cosmology (new Ashtekar Sloan paper)

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  7. M

    Why is aluminum foil attracted to a charged balloon just like paper?

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  8. R

    Searching for Technical Paper Topic? Get Ideas Here!

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  9. P

    Imperial Comprehensive Paper 1 Q8 2004 - Last Part

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  10. marcus

    Bianchi Haggard volume spectrum paper puts UC Berkeley on Lqg map

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  11. H

    MOND paper says Bullet Cluster poses problems for Lambda-CDM

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  12. Y

    Micro-transactions [Research Paper Help]

    Guys, I need your help. I am now doing a research paper for my English class. It is about Micro-transactions. I am trying to prove that Micro-transaction will help solve or lessen piracy. I need your opinions about micro-transaction. What are the benefits you get from it? What is/are...
  13. A

    Translated Russian papers (i.e. paper of Gor'kov)

    Hi, I have tried to find following paper which is a Russian paper (translated to English), please let me know where I can find it. L.P. Gor'kov, J. Expt. Theor. Phys. (U.S.S.R) 34, 735 (1958) Sov. Phys. JETP 7, 505 (1958) I have the same problem with other translated Russian publication...
  14. C

    What are the standard dimensions for paper size 297x210mm?

    297-210 87mm.
  15. G

    Research Paper On Plane Extraction From 3D Laser Data?

    I'm not sure if this is the best place to post this, if not please point me in the direction I should go. I'm doing robotics research with a professor who told me to study a few different things. One was to find some papers on plane extraction from 3d laser data. Can anyone give me the name...
  16. S

    Making New Paper Process and Making Recycled Paper Process

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  17. Z

    Heisenberg's 1927 paper on uncertainty

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  18. C

    When should i (on paper) pump a network with a source to determine values?

    i understand that there are times when one should (on paper) pump a network of resistors, capacitors, and inductors with a 1 amp ac current source or a 1 volt ac voltage source in order to determine certain values within the system however, i am having trouble determining when i need to use...
  19. D

    Calculating Force of Drag on Paper Helicopters

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  20. C

    Question about a scientific paper - Fluid Mechanics - Perturbation Theory

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  21. marcus

    Hot QG+M paper by John Barrett

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  22. H

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  23. marcus

    Gravity as a diffeomorphism invariant gauge theory (new Krasnov paper)

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  24. D

    Derive position on paper using sound waves?

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  25. M

    Electromagnetic paper Recycling system( photo-chromic or thermo-chromic inks?)

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  26. Simfish

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  27. M

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  28. C

    Reading a Paper From Springerlink

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  29. C

    Scientific paper by R.Tobin on steroid use

    Im doing a review of a scientific paper about steroid use in baseball and its effects, but am struggling to understand a section. (paper is "On the potential of a chemical Bonds: Possible effects of steroids on home run production in baseball") "It is therefore reasonable to assume that a...
  30. D H

    Physics paper guessing game: Are you worse than a monkey?

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  31. marcus

    Our picks for fourth quarter 2010 MIP (most important QG paper)

    Of these fifteen candidates, please select the paper or papers which you think will contribute most significantly to future quantum gravity research. Multiple choice is possible in the poll, so please choose several if you wish. The papers' abstract summaries follow in the next post. Big Bounce...
  32. B

    How to get your new research paper publish

    what title say, how?
  33. A

    Can anyone please tell me a book or any paper where I can find this

    Hello everyone. I have been looking for a book or any article where I can get a good description about classical theory of energy transfer from electromagnetic field to a particle. I am particularly interested in how much work is done by the field when it interacts with the partciel (for...
  34. marcus

    Penrose Gurzadyan fire back: new paper today

    Penrose and Gurzadyan are not giving up without a fight. They posted a second paper today, answering their critics: http://arxiv.org/abs/1012.1486 More on the low variance circles in CMB sky V.G.Gurzadyan, R.Penrose 2 pages (Submitted on 7 Dec 2010) "Two groups [3,4] have confirmed the...
  35. S

    How can I efficiently do pencil and paper calculations electronically?

    Hi I want, once and for all, to abolish pencil and paper in my studies. At least in what concern mathematics. I mean, I want to do my "pencil and paper calculations" electronically. Note that I'm not talking about using any computer algebra system. The problem is that I haven't found...
  36. X

    Quantum Mechanics Paper Topic

    Homework Statement I have an extra credit assignment. I can write on any topic involving quantum mechanics (graduate level class). I needs to be a technical paper. I have tried to obtain more details about format from the professor but she does not help much. I have never written a physics...
  37. J

    Fotini Markopoulou new paper

    Thank you Marcus for spotting this paper. Fotini Markopoulou takes a non reductionist view of Planckian physics in this latest writing, where more fundamental physics doesn't have to be more or less simpler than the physics emerging from it. This line of thinking remind me P.W. Anderson's...
  38. _Tully

    Is Doane paper worth the hype?

    LINES + GRAPHINGZ OH EMG EE!11oen1!1one Seriously though, does anyone use Doane paper? It seems excellent and I've heard great things. I am going to order some, and see how it goes. Unless there is a reason not to I haven't discovered, so, does anybody use this paper? Alternatively, does...
  39. N

    Can a piece of A4 paper reach the moon?

    This is a bit of a silly question, but one I'm curious about ... It all started when I made a status update on facebook proclaiming that if you could fold a piece of A4 paper in half 44 times it would reach the moon. One of the commenters made an interesting point by saying: I...
  40. J

    Purpose of Conference Paper? (Strategy for writing one?)

    Didn't really know what board to put this post on, but anyway... After finishing a 10 day lab project, I'm expected to produce a 2 (possibly 3) page conference paper about it. Having never written a conference paper before I'm not too sure what to include and what not to... I have...
  41. J

    Suggestions for engineering diasters paper?

    I have to write at 15 page long research paper on an engineering disaster. So far i have thought about doing the boston molasses disaster, anyone of a hundred bridge collapses, or plane crashes. Can anyone give some good suggestions for an engineering disaster? Something that is really well...
  42. SamRoss

    Dynamics of the Slowly Accelerated Electron from Einstein's original SR paper

    I am having difficulty working out one of the steps in Einstein's original SR paper, in the Section entitled "Dynamics of the Slowly Accelerated Electron". Einstein describes an electron in motion in an electromagnetic field. Its equation of motion in a rest frame K (not moving with the...
  43. Z

    Interesting Activity with a Paper

    I request you all to perform this activity now (it will take less than a minute)- 1)Take a rectangular piece of paper. 2)Make two holes of the size or your fore-finger in it - equidistant from the edges (refer the figure attached. 3)Insert the fore-fingers of your two hands in the holes...
  44. E

    Question on Witten's paper: Perturbative Gauge Theory As A String Theory

    Question on Witten's paper: "Perturbative Gauge Theory As A String Theory..." Hi guys, I have a question regarding formula 2.12 of Witten's paper hep-th/0312171 "Perturbative Gauge Theory As A String Theory In Twistor Space". He just states this formula but i don't really understand his...
  45. P

    Precognition paper to be published in mainstream journal

    http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19712-is-this-evidence-that-we-can-see-the-future.html This is an unfinished version of the paper: http://dbem.ws/FeelingFuture.pdf
  46. R

    ODE for Water traveling up a paper towel

    Hey guys, I am in dire need of help. In physics today, my professor gave us an experiment. It involved a strip of paper towel with dots along it from a sharp. it was hung from a metal ring stand and the edge of the paper towel was immersed into a dish of water. Water traveled up the paper towel...
  47. nukeman

    Exploring the Legacy of Chernobyl: 25 Years Later

    I am writing a article in my university newspaper, and I am just gathering as much info as I can about chernobyl, now and then. ***EDIT*** OK, got some good info, so I am changing my post here. Im trying to come up with a really good intro, but I don't like what i came up and want something...
  48. J

    Do the answers and diagram in these exam questions contradict each other?

    Do these two answers contradict each other: Q1) Four students are discussing a circuit. The circuit is in series and contains a lamp, an ammeter and a 10V battery. Andy: the current in the lamp consists of negative charges moving from the negative batter terminal towards the positive...
  49. O

    How to make wigner-seitz cell(BCC, FCC)-using paper

    I am sorry I don't speak English well. I have to make wigner-seitz cell-BCC, FCC- by using paper likewise regular solids origami(?). So I need development figure(planer figure). (ex : ) If you have it, please send me. Please forgive me my English skills TT
  50. G

    A2 thermal physics past paper help

    Im don't even know where to start, theses questions, it doesn't seem to link to anything I've learned or any equations. So here we go. 1a) show that about 78,000 J are required to move 28 grams of notrogen molecules (one mole) from the surface of the moon to a point far away from the surface...
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