What is Paper: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, almost all is now made on large machines—some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, packaging, decorating, writing, cleaning, filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency and security paper and a number of industrial and construction processes.
The papermaking process developed in east Asia, probably China, at least as early as 105 CE, by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BCE in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States following.

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  1. jim mcnamara

    Are We Really Entering the Sixth Mass Extinction?

    http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/5/e1400253 Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction Gerardo Ceballos, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrés García, Robert M. Pringle and Todd M. Palmer Science Advances 19 Jun 2015: Vol. 1, no. 5...
  2. K

    How to Publish some scientific paper for evaluation for free

    I have some proposition that I want to have some evaluation about it I don't know how to publish it in a scientific magazine about ferromagnetic modelling but I hope some one in the forum to help me please and here is the proposition
  3. Jimster41

    Exploring Lee Smolin's Quantum Mechanics Theory - max.variety principle

    I'd be very interested in any of the expert's thoughts on this paper, assuming it's okay to discuss it. I couldn't see what journal it was published in or submitted to. It's even zany by my standards but I really like it because it seems to take the seemingly dual notions of non-local...
  4. meyol99

    About Science paper works publishing....

    Hello dear physicists, Have you ever published some scientific paper works ? I'm a little confused about that publishment thing.Can I publish my works for exaple to Annalen der Physik and what are the norms for the publishment ? Can I send any of my works to any physics journal ? Thank you...
  5. R

    Unit Error in Oppenheimer-Snyder 1939 Paper?

    Is there an error, perhaps typographical, in the famous 1939 Oppenheimer-Snyder paper "On Continued Gravitational Contraction" (Phys Rev v56 Sept 1, 1956 pp 455-459)? Do the units balance in equation 37? The last term inside the last parantheses ##\frac{3r_0^{1/2} \tau}{2R_b^2}## where...
  6. E

    Understanding Tidal Forces on a Sphere: Do They Also Act Horizontally?

    In http://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/0103044v5.pdf in page 6 it is written about a tidal forces on a sphere built up from test particles. It is written that ball also starts to being squashed in the horizontal directions. I do not understand this. Because gradient of gravitational force is mainly in...
  7. S

    Interference on paper, ground glass etc. surfaces

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  8. S

    Questions about Properties of the Godel Metric

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  9. jim mcnamara

    M31 halo paper - question on metallicity

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  10. Breo

    A question about a computation in a paper of Effective Lagrangian

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  11. E

    What is wrong in D.Y. Gezari's paper about speed of light?

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  12. J

    How can a paper plane without a tail surface still fly stably?

    I am going to hold a lecture on aerodynamics for a group of high school students, after which a competition on constructing the best glider is held. I think the planes will be made of sheets of balsa wood, and they are therefore likely to have flat wings. To help them succeed, I plan on telling...
  13. E

    1 mol of paper - how much is that?

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  14. atyy

    Implications of Bell's theorem (Laloe paper)

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  15. P

    Evidence Against String Theory? Paper

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  16. X

    Doing a paper on the strong nuclear force --

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  17. D

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  18. marcus

    Our picks for first quarter 2015 MIP (most important QG paper)

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  19. Demystifier

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    Since https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/wait-for-it-wait-for-it.746296/ is closed, let me open a new thread about a paper which appeared today: http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/1503.09045 :biggrin: (By the way, this is my 5.000th post.)
  20. P

    Printing 1 Million Digits of Pi: 1 Mile of Paper!

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  21. Spinnor

    Graph sol. of Dirac eq., type "graph paper" needed?

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  22. Greg Bernhardt

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  23. F

    Why Does Drag Force Depend on Cone Shape and Size but Not on Mass or Gravity?

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  24. bhobba

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  25. J

    How would you do this equation on paper 1/2 x 26 x 10

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  26. S

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  27. WillofMalazan

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  28. P

    First Interstellar paper is out

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  29. C

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  30. Lord Crc

    Slow Light: Spatially Structured Photons Travel Slower Than Speed of Light

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  31. blue_leaf77

    Is Short Communication Appropriate for Mathematical Analysis Revisions?

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  32. B

    Need help in writing a paper

    Can I write a scientific paper with just the ideas? Without any mathematical proof. I plan on writing about the origin of the universe.
  33. jim mcnamara

    Gyrochronology: A Spin-Down Clock for Cool Stars

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  34. PeterDonis

    Negative Neutrino Mass Squared: Accepted Paper Analysis

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  35. twistor

    A Paper Manuscript, OLD and FUNNY

    Hey guys here I found a hand-written paper. It is very funny to see it. http://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/lmason/Tn/26/TN26-02.pdf Could this be of any importance for current physics?
  36. H

    View Einstein's Papers for Free on Princeton University Website

    Since yesterday, Einstein's collected papers are freely available for viewing on the Princeton University website: http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/ http://blog.press.princeton.edu/2014/12/05/princeton-university-press-launches-the-digital-einstein-papers/...
  37. twistor

    How does Savas Dimopoulos' latest paper challenge current SUSY collider limits?

    http://arxiv.org/pdf/1412.0805.pdf Auto-Concealment of Supersymmetry in Extra Dimensions Savas Dimopoulos,a Kiel Howe,a,b John March-Russell,c,a James Scovillec,d aStanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA bSLAC National...
  38. H

    Publishing a theoretical paper

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  39. D

    Van Flandern's paper on "Speed of Gravity", question.

    Hello, I just recently came across this paper and I've been since reading everything I can find about Van Flandern's "credibility" and the controversies his proposals brought up. Still I'm yet unable to find a source to verify or disprove this assertion Van Flandern makes in his paper: "How...
  40. J

    Where can I find historical journal articles by famous physicists?

    I'm looking for sites with historical journal articles -- ideally in English, but if there's none available, I can settle for the original. Specifically, I'm looking for stuff by (in no particular order, and certainly not exclusively) e.g. Heisenberg, Pauli, Dirac, Schrodinger, Feynman...
  41. D

    How to know more about the frontiers of modern physics research?

    I'm a first year physics undergraduate. I'm trying to look for some research opportunities as becoming a physicist is always my target. However, I simply have no idea how the current research is going on, and before I approach any professors I guess I should already have some basic understanding...
  42. Subhadeep Dey

    Applications of Damped Oscillation (in Vibrations): Researching for a Paper

    I've been researching on Damped Oscillation (in vibrations) for a few days for a research paper, however I couldn't find any applications. I would be very thankful if anyone can tell me about its applications.
  43. M

    Referees missed error in submitted paper

    I recently submitted a paper to a respectable journal. After submission, I discovered a few errors in my paper, one of which is quite serious. I have the corrected expressions and plots and I've checked that they are in agreement with the overall theory (as presented in other papers). My...
  44. marcus

    Our picks for third quarter 2014 MIP (most important QG paper) Part II

    This is the second half of the poll. Of the ten candidates in Part II, please indicate the ones you think will prove most significant for future Loop-and-allied QG research. The poll is multiple choice, and it's possible to vote for several papers. Abstracts follow in the next post. Here's a...
  45. marcus

    Our picks for third quarter 2014 MIP (most important QG paper) Part I

    There are twenty candidates, and the poll is divided into Parts I and II, each with ten. The poll is multiple choice so it's possible to vote for several papers. Please indicate the ones you think will prove most significant for future Loop-and-allied QG research. Abstracts follow in the next...
  46. marcus

    Dittrich's "Continuum Limit of LQG" is a landmark paper

    People interested in quantum gravity research may wish to take note of Dittrich's September 2014 paper which I believe represents a significant step towards constructing the continuum limit and the physical Hilbert space of LQG. It will be on the third quarter MIP poll. I'll get the link...
  47. E

    Defining Quantities and Units in Scientific Papers: How to Handle Unusual Forms?

    I am writing a lab report as part of my degree and, of course, it must be in the standard scientific paper format. I have come up against something that isn't particularly difficult but something that you must get correct for papers. I am defining quantities and their units, however I am not...
  48. Etienne

    Science Fair *Investigation / Paper*

    So, I want to write a paper for this year's science fair. I wanted to ask, if anyone could give me a few suggestions on some cool topics? It doesn't necessarily have to be Chemistry, it could be Physics, Mathematics, Bio, etc. If anyone has some ideas about Food Chemistry, that'd be cool too...
  49. S

    Can anyone provide the FDTD paper on Two Dimensional Plane Wave implementation?

    Hi, I am looking for below paper. Already contact both writers but got no reply. Anyone who have this or can access this journal, can you please send it to me. Winton, S., and Rappaport, C. ``Implementation of a Two Dimensional Plane Wave FDTD Using One Dimensional FDTD on the Lattice Edges,''...
  50. KL7AJ

    Exploring the Fascinating Miller Effect: An Ancient Paper Analyzed

    http://www.mit.edu/~klund/papers/jmiller.pdf The Miller Effect has always intrigued me. This ancient paper analyzing the phenomenon shows some incredibly lucid analytic methods...something I think is missing from a lot of modern electrical engineers. I'd like to have some discussion on this...
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