What is Paper: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, almost all is now made on large machines—some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, packaging, decorating, writing, cleaning, filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency and security paper and a number of industrial and construction processes.
The papermaking process developed in east Asia, probably China, at least as early as 105 CE, by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BCE in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States following.

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  1. marcus

    Landmark paper from Freidel and Krasnov

    For the first time the Immirzi has found its way into spinfoam. they also got a Lorentzian version. I think this is an important paper. both these guys are top QG researchers since like 1998 (when spinfoam and groupfieldtheory started to happen). this paper has to be major...
  2. T

    How big of a deal is getting a paper published as an undergrad?

    I have submitted a publication to physics Letters A in the field of supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSYQM) my teacher says this is a pretty big deal but would like to hear some others opinion. I will obviously mention this when I apply but is it THAT big of a deal? Should I make a big deal...
  3. T

    Smilga paper, in which he derives an estimate to the fine structure constant

    I've been trying to figure out this paper by W. Smilga: Spin foams, causal links, and geometry-induced interactions I don't have the knowledge and background to be able to determine whether his derivation of an estimate to the fine structure constant is interesting, or just a trick. I am...
  4. D

    Can Infrared Radiation Detect Extra Glossy or Thick Pages in Scanning Machines?

    I am trying to develop a mechanism for automatically scanning documents which involves picking up pages or sheets of paper. I need a method for determining whether an extra page has been picked up. I have considered using a beam of light that would pass through the page or pages and a sensor...
  5. L

    A necessity: Where to buy graph paper?

    I can't seem to find double-sided 8 1/2 by 11 graph paper. I've tried looking at Office Depot but they only have one-sided ones. Does anyone know of the cheapest way to buy graph paper online? Does Staples sell any 2 sided-graphing paper? By the way, I'm talking about the boxed ones that are...
  6. ZapperZ

    A fake word from The Simpsons made it into a String paper

    I don't know how they hope to get away with it, but I guess in string theory, anything and everything goes, especially with unrefereed "papers". These string theorists actually used a non-existent word "embiggens" from an episode of The Simpsons (BTW, the movie is hilarious!) in a "paper". I...
  7. marcus

    Another paper helping to clarify expansion-congrats, authors :-)

    another paper helping to clarify expansion--congrats, authors :-) http://arxiv.org/abs/0707.2106 Coordinate Confusion in Conformal Cosmology Geraint F. Lewis, Matthew J. Francis, Luke A. Barnes, J. Berian James 5 pages, accepted for publication in MNRAS Letters (Submitted on 13 Jul 2007) "A...
  8. K

    I have an idea for a scientific/engineering paper

    And I'd like to write it and do the work on my own. It's a project that would probably take me a few months. I'm wondering : What are the best places to check to make sure no one has done anything like it? Article searches I mean. I currently do not have access to the search engines that are...
  9. marcus

    Garrett Lisi paper subject of Baez TWF 253

    JB starts This Week's Finds talking about the paper Garrett just presented at the Loops '07 conference http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week253.html what the Standard Model looks like and why steps toward unification (like Garrett's) look the way the do.
  10. W

    Should I write a calculus level paper?

    I found a very elegant proof of a very well known calculus level result. The result, I don't want to say which yet, has been definitely proven by other means. I researched all the proofs, in a few books and all google, never have I seen my result there. I asked a math professor about it, but...
  11. X

    Deriving equations on Einstein's 4th paper

    Homework Statement I need to derive some equation that are on the paper "does the inertia of a body depend on it's energy content". http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/www/" I just don't know where to start and if someone can point me to the right direction, it will be so much...
  12. P

    Paper due on the stability of the quantum science

    Some body please explain quantum mechanics to me in ENGLISH please... I have a paper due on the stability of the quantum science but I don't even get it much less write a paper about it.. Thank you your help is aprreciated..
  13. M

    How Does the Velocity and Radius of a Toilet Paper Roll Affect Its Tearing?

    I'm extremely excited to embark on my physics project and it has all to do with ripping toilet paper rolls. As it is commonly known, when a full toilet paper roll is given a fast jerk, a sheet breaks off. However, as the roll is gradually used up, a faster jerk has to be applied or the...
  14. D

    Question about finding journal paper

    Hi there, I wasn't really sure where to post this but here seemed the best place. I'm trying to find a journal article but having a bit of trouble and was wondering if anyone knew where I could find it. It's an article from The Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics USSR from 1947...
  15. Andre

    New Paper: Very Important Discoveries Revealed

    Very important new paper here. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1138679v1 A little more descriptive: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-05/teia-csh051107.php I think that this may fit a lot better to certain pet idea than to all the warming talk.
  16. T

    What is the Maximum Allowable Load for a Restrained Hollow Steel Tube Strut?

    Revision on Past Exam Paper ! Hey there, i am stuck on this question in my past exam paper, and i have tried many ways of doing it but just simply not getting any where ! So please would u mind helping me out a little here !?? A rectangular cross section hollow steel tube (outer diameter 50...
  17. D

    Help with paper on gradient descent evolution of surfaces

    Hi all, I'm trying to understand someone's PhD thesis on the topic of variational surface evolution and its application in computer vision, and I'm having trouble working out how he evaluates some particular types of expressions involving the gradient. I think it'll be easier if I specify the...
  18. D H

    Calculus Term Paper: Learn Essential Mathematical Skills

    In another thread, alec_tronn posted My basic reaction: Write a term paper for a calc 3 class?? My first and continued impression is that this requirement is just shovel work. It hinders rather than aids mathematical education. The time taken to write the paper is time not taken to learn...
  19. W

    Max Capacity of a Cone-Shape Cup from Paper

    Homework Statement A cone-shape drinking cup is made from a circular piece of paper of radius R by cutting out a sector and joining the edges CA and CB. Find the maximum capacityof such a cup. This is page#312 In James stewarts Calc book, 3rd edition by the way. Homework Equations...
  20. G

    Infrared Laser spinning a small paper

    Firstly, this is NOT a homework question although it may sound like it. My question pertains to http://youtube.com/watch?v=H5NwRfMJgOQ". My question is this: Could an Infrared Laser (there are varying power output lasers of 2W - 20mW) SPIN a paper of say 25 grams as seen in the vid on the tip...
  21. P

    What is the drag coefficient of a square piece of paper in aerodynamics?

    Hi, I am designing an experiment for an individual project and it happens to involve aerodynamic. I wonder if someone can give me some idea of the drag coefficient of a square piece of flat paper (the normal 80grams photocopying paper) traveling through air against its face? (i.e. not...
  22. T

    Question 21 - Final question on higher paper

    I can't think of a way to "show that y=...". Do I compare to x values? Thx
  23. T

    Discover How to Solve Non Calc Paper Question with Prime Numbers | Thx

    Hi, I have a question tThe number 40 can be written as 2^m x n, where m and n are prime numbers I managed to guess that m = 3 and n = 5 by trials and error by using low prime numbers. Is this the proper/best way to work out the answer. If not can someone show me a proper way Thx
  24. N

    Something majorly wrong with this paper?

    As some may have noticed, I have already mentioned that this paper doesn't really seem to be very clear but now I believe its mathematical basis is fundamentally flawed. I believe this a model used by the US Navy and cited many times in recent years so I'm assuming that I must be wrong on this...
  25. marcus

    Most Influential Paper first quarter 2007

    Each quarter last year we put down our predictions about which recent papers will have most impact on future QG research: efforts to reach a fundamental empirical understanding of spacetime geometry and matter. For example, here's the forecast poll from third quarter 2006...
  26. B

    Modeling Simple Harmonic Motion of a Spring: A Differential Equations Paper

    Hi all, As part of my differential equations class, I must choose a real-world event that can be modeled through a system of ordinary linear differential equations and write a five page paper on it. My professor was vague on the requirements but basically wants us to solve the equations...
  27. N

    Confusing expression in a paper

    Hi all, Whilst reading http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/td1703/thomas.pdf I found one of the equations a little difficult to interpret. On page 3, there is a function defined as f. On the denominator there it appears that they have differentiated n(z''(Z')) as a function of z'' and then...
  28. matthyaouw

    Where Can I Find Citations for a Paper Published in 1969?

    Can anyone reccomend a website for finding papers that have cited a particular paper? Google scholar can't even find the original, and Web of Science seems to only go back as far as 1970, and my paper was published in 1969.
  29. S

    I need your advise; Research Paper & Copyrights

    Hey everyone, My question may show my modest experience regarding research papers legal procedures but i hope i will be excused. I have a reaseach paper i want to submit which i think it may be, or may be not, be of a significant importance. I have not finished it yet and thinking to...
  30. P

    Ideas for SR-71 Blackbird Review Paper

    Hello all! I have to write a review paper of several current articles for my Gas Dynamics course. My research is in Welding and Automation, so I have very little experience in the area of aerodynamics. However, I have recently read a book on Lockheed Skunk Works and think that I would like to...
  31. marcus

    Sabine Hossenfelder's "Multi-Particle States in Deformed Special Relativity

    By my judgment as a bystander watching from the sidelines, this is a fantastically high quality paper. Unless someone finds an error---which I don't think they will. It just came out. http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0702016 Multi-Particle States in Deformed Special Relativity Sabine...
  32. A

    Analyzing a Physics Paper: Seeking Clarity on the Validity

    Please ,physics gurus analyse this paper and enlighten me about the validity of the paper. Is the person correct.I can't tell as i don't know the mathematics involved
  33. W

    Paper Tower Challenge: Build a Stable Tower Using 1 Sheet & 3 Feet of Tape!

    technology assignment= PAPER TOWER you can only use one 8 1/2 by 11 sheet of paper and 3 feet of tape you can tape it to the floor has to stand for 5 minutes there are other threads about paper towers but none of them are specific enough to understand. i was going to do the eiffel...
  34. A

    Exploring the Physics of an Egg - A Research Paper

    I have been confronted with a strange and vague, but oddly interesting assignment of creating a research paper on an egg through the perspective of a physics. Does anyone have any ideas as to what i can research online or in a book over the PHYSICS of an egg? Thanks
  35. M

    Rolling Paper: Analyzing Motion and Energy

    Homework Statement A large, cylindrical roll of paper of initial radius R lies on a long, horizontal surface with the open end of the paper nailed to the surface. The roll is given a slight shove (initial velocity is negligible) and begins to unroll. Determine the speed of the center of mass...
  36. marcus

    Most Influential Paper fourth quarter 2006

    The following background independent QG preprints appeared October through December 2006. Which of these do you expect to have the greatest impact on future research? ============ http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0610241 Gravity and the standard model with neutrino mixing Ali H. Chamseddine...
  37. T

    What is the resistivity of paper?

    Hi all, New here - have a Physics project and need to find a figure for the resitivity of standard writing paper. Any ideas? Thanks
  38. marcus

    Baez TWF #243 is out (talks about Derek Wise Cartan paper)

    http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week243.html ==sample quote== ...in the meantime, we can think about mathematical physics. My student Derek Wise is graduating this year, and he's doing his thesis on Cartan geometry, MacDowell-Mansouri gravity and BF theory. Let me say a little about this paper of...
  39. P

    Need Assistance with Physics Paper on Shuttle Launching

    Please Help Me! [b]1. I have a physics paper due tomorrow about how physics relates to shuttle launching and every search engine tells me how about the shuttle mission and nothing else. [b]2. So does anyone have any ideas that I can work off of? [b]3. Or does anyone have a useful...
  40. Andrew Mason

    Geo. Chilingar paper - Is this science?

    I have read Geo. Chilingar's which can be http://schwinger.harvard.edu/~motl/usc-climate.html" The same journal that published this paper (Environmental Geology) also printed a rather scathing rebuttal which can be http://schwinger.harvard.edu/~motl/usc-rebuttal.html" (one wonders why they...
  41. marcus

    New Witten paper (geometric Langlands)

    http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0612073 Gauge Theory, Ramification, And The Geometric Langlands Program Sergei Gukov, Edward Witten 160 pages "In the gauge theory approach to the geometric Langlands program, ramification can be described in terms of 'surface operators,' which are supported on...
  42. M

    What Software is Commonly Used to Make Professional Papers?

    This sounds like a stupid question... probably because it is. :tongue2: But what program(s) is commonly accepted as the standard for writing and publishing papers? Obviously as an undergrad I just use Word (and Excel for the graphs) and get away with it, but when I compare the composition (not...
  43. N

    Any interesting topics for a paper?

    Hi, I was interested in writing a technical paper related to aerodynamics but the whole subject seems so vast. I'm finding it hard to zero in on a topic which would be technically interesting at the same time important with respect to the current practical requirements of planes. Would...
  44. marcus

    Helpful new paper by Derek Wise

    http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0611154 MacDowell-Mansouri gravity and Cartan geometry Derek K. Wise 34 pages, 5 figures "The geometric content of the MacDowell-Mansouri formulation of general relativity is best understood in terms of Cartan geometry. In particular, Cartan geometry gives clear...
  45. S

    Where do I get a very important paper published?

    Hello, I have been working very hard over the past few weeks and have managed to confirm a theory I have been harboring for a long time (mainly, that Einstein was incorrect about light and that it is in fact not a constant but varies according to the region of space you are in). This has...
  46. B

    Topic of Paper - What should it be?

    Topic of Paper -- What should it be? I'm looking for a topic to write a 5-6 page paper on. I'm talking Calc 1 now so the phyics class that I'm in doesn't really have any calculus in it. Any suggestions on what might make a good topic?
  47. S

    Build Paper Bridge: Guidelines & Suggestions

    I just got this project for my physics class. I need to build a paper bridge out of only paper and Elmer's glue. The bridge must be free standing with the highest point on the bridge being the roadbed (i was thinking i could do a suspension bridge, but I can't under that guideline). The...
  48. F

    Solve Unresolved Past Paper Question: Physics 11/11

    Past paper question - please help, still unresolved! (11/11) Hey guys Im studyin for my physics end of year exam (only first year so its prob easy peasy for you guys) but unfortunately i have no answer key as yet so i don't know if what I am doing is right. I get a plausable answer but i...
  49. Q

    USA Military paper about Psi phenomenon Paradigm Shift?

    USA Military paper about “Psi phenomenon”... Paradigm Shift? Hi everybody, The USA Military has recently (year 2004) approved for public release and distribution a very interesting and controversial research document titled “Teleportation Physics Study.” In this document they talk about...
  50. marcus

    Bee's new paper on QG phenomenology

    It's a good paper. She delivered it in June at the Irvine SUSY 06 conference but we didnt get to see it until now. It has a confusing passage on page 2, at the bottom, right before the Feynman diagram on page 3. ===quote=== In contrast to the asymptotic momenta p, the wave-vector k of the...
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