What is Paper: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, almost all is now made on large machines—some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, packaging, decorating, writing, cleaning, filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency and security paper and a number of industrial and construction processes.
The papermaking process developed in east Asia, probably China, at least as early as 105 CE, by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BCE in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States following.

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  1. C

    Make 150 cm tower with one A4 sheet of paper

    Hello! I have to make 150cm tower using one A4 paper sisors and cluestick. Can anybody have any sugestions. Would be really thankful.
  2. AwesomeTrains

    Trying to understand a derivation in a paper

    Hello PF, first of all I don't know where to put this post as it's not exactly a homework question but a clarification question for a project. I'm going through the derivation of the effective permeability of two stacked medias, given the polarization of an incoming EM wave but I'm stuck at the...
  3. P

    Other Changing the editor of my submitted paper

    Dear, I have submitted a paper currently to one journal of physics. The first revision had 5 point. In the second revision four of them was answered satisfactory, but the point 5 was comented and add other two new coments. After this, the revision changed of editor. What could be the reason of...
  4. jim mcnamara

    Interesting paper: "Chaff bugs"

    https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.00659 Popular version: https://techxplore.com/news/2018-08-defensive-technique-software-buggier.html The basic idea here is to create a large number of non-exploitable bugs, then add them to existing code. Do not worry as much about remediating existing bugs. The...
  5. RUTA

    Insights Why the Quantum | A Response to Wheeler's 1986 Paper - Comments

    Greg Bernhardt submitted a new PF Insights post Why the Quantum | A Response to Wheeler's 1986 Paper Continue reading the Original PF Insights Post.
  6. Sandeep T S

    I Finding de Broglie's Original Paper on Matter Waves

    I was searching for d Broglie's original Papper of matter waves, I didn't get any thing on internet, please anyone help on this?
  7. Wrichik Basu

    Have you suffered for delay in submission of research paper?

    Say you were doing some research on some topic. You were very enthusiastic with it, and you had devoted a large amount of time in the research. Perhaps you would have been the first to discover something or make a theory on it. Then all of a sudden, one day you discover that someone else has...
  8. blainiac

    Wood/Glass/Metal DIY Paper Yield & Tensile Strengths

    Hey there! I'm about to do some tests with rotating boundary layers and wanted to use rotating sheets of paper (cut into circles) as this would be ideal for my experiments. I was researching various materials but couldn't find yield and tensile strengths for different types of paper (printer...
  9. D

    At what temperature does paper catch fire?

    If there is a paper glued to cctv camera that is hot (continuous operation)... can the paper just combust? what temperature can it do that?
  10. jim mcnamara

    I Is Quark Matter Truly Non-Strange?

    This paper: Bob Holdom, Jing Ren, and Chen Zhang. "Quark Matter May Not Be Strange." Physical Review Letters. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.222001 Proposes properties of elements further along the Periodic Table of elements - than the elements we have created so far. I cannot evaluate the...
  11. K

    CAM photosynthesis saturation / trying to parse a paper

    Hi - I'm working to accumulate data on photosynthetic flux saturation levels across a range of plant species, and am having a bit of trouble understanding this paper: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.3732/ajb.94.8.1344 Table 5 shows PPFD vs. ETR, and shows photosynthesis saturating...
  12. J

    B How do you multiply percents on paper

    5 million times 5 percent would be 5000000 X 0.05. When you do this on a calculator you get 250000 but when you do it on paper you end up with more zeros in the answer. When you multiply percents on paper what is the easiest way to figure out how many zeros go in your answer?
  13. Danny Boy

    A Equation in a paper about Dicke states

    Can anyone with basic knowledge of Dicke States assist with explaining how we arrive at equation (4) in the paper 'Entanglement detection in the vicinity of arbitrary Dicke states': <Moderator's note: link fixed> $$\langle J^2_{x} \rangle_{\mu} = \sum_{i_1,i_2} \langle J_{xi_{_1}} \rangle_{\mu}...
  14. Johny Boy

    A Decoherence of measurement outcomes

    Suppose we have a quantum system ##Q## with an initial state ##\rho^{(Q)}##. The measurement process will involve two additional quantum systems: an apparatus system ##A## and an environment system ##E##, hence giving the initial state of the system ##\rho^{(AEQ)} = \rho_{0}^{(AE)}\otimes...
  15. Greg Bernhardt

    The Scientific Paper Is Obsolete

    I'm going to assume there will be some strong options on this piece! https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/04/the-scientific-paper-is-obsolete/556676/
  16. K

    I Freeman Dyson's 1972 paper "Missed Opportunities"

    I just stumbled upon the well-written 1972 paper "Missed Opportunities" by Freeman Dyson. It can be found https://www.math.uh.edu/~tomforde/Articles/Missed-Opportunities-Dyson.pdf. Dyson argues that over time, people have become worse in following the mathematical hints inherent in the...
  17. T

    Minimization of a paper cup

    Homework Statement company manufactures paper cups that are designed to hold 8 fluid ounces each. The cups are in the shape of a frustum of a right circular cone (so the top and bottom of the cup are circles, not necessarily of the same size, and the side profile is that of a...
  18. boneh3ad

    A Interpreting a paper on spectral analysis

    I do a fair bit of spectral analysis of time series in my research, but to date my experience in the topic is almost exclusively from an engineering perspective rather than the more statistical approach. Of course I am aware that ultimately they are equivalent, but it means that my familiarity...
  19. A

    MHB Derivation of an inequality from the paper “A CLT For A Band Matrix Model” by Anderson's and Zeitoun

    I am trying to see how to derive the following inequality on page 36 in the proof of Lemma 11.3: https://arxiv.org/pdf/math/0412040.pdf I.e, of: $$\| fg \|_{Lip} \le \bigg(1+\ell \sup_{t\in T} |g'(t)|\bigg)\sup_{t\in T}|f'(t)| , \ \ supp \ f(1-g)\subset S^c$$ My thoughts about how to show...
  20. D Wilkerson

    Choosing correct filter paper for extracting precipitate?

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  21. LeonTheLobster

    How Can CERN Solve Modern Physics Problems?

    I'm in high school and would like to write a paper on physics for fun, any topic suggestions?
  22. S

    Can't find the home page for specific journal (non-trivial case)

    For the first time in my lime I am not able to find home page for well-known and respected western periodical. I am looking for the paper titled «Définition covariante des équilibres thermodynamiques» by J. M. Souriau published in Supp. Nuovo Cimento, 1, I , 4 (1966) pp. 203-216 (given the fact...
  23. Wrichik Basu

    Particle Bose Einstein Condensate Original Paper

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  24. D fatima

    Researching & Publishing a Physics Paper as an Undergraduate

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  25. SemM

    I Exploring the Equivalence of Different Representations in Quantum Mechanics

    Hi, I found this article very interesting, given the loads of question I have posted in this regard in the last months. I cannot recall where I got the link from, and if it came from Bill Hobba in some discussion, thanks Bill! If not, thanks anyway for your answers and contributions. Here is...
  26. ohwilleke

    I Anomaly aggregation and confirming old paper validity

    The Particle Data Group keeps a running, subject matter organized summary of the state of the art experimental results for the experimentally measured properties of hadrons and measurements of fundamental physical constants that is updated at least annually. Is there any comparable group that...
  27. H

    Other Publishing as an Independent: A Guide

    Lets say I have a new Idea and maybe it has scientific value maybe not, that's not the topic now. I want to put this idea out there and I've already talked myself into trying to publish rather than posting. Maybe I would post, it depends on how it gets rejected. I'm sure not many like me try...
  28. ISamson

    B Big Bang Wasn't the Beginning? Study Proposes Alternative....

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  29. wolram

    Silly news in your daily paper

    This is a place to put your silly news from your daily paper. Today in the Daily Express: Nursery school children as young as three are being give controversial new books which teach them to question whether they are male or female. The toddlers are being exposed to characters who are unsure...
  30. Arij

    Courses How Should I Structure My Senior Year Solid State Physics Term Paper?

    Hello every one, End of terms papers always are weird and non natural for me. This is a senior class about solid state physics and we are asked to write a 5-10 pgs term paper on a certain topic. My question is how do you go about formatting this kind of paper? Abstract(??) ->...
  31. J

    Chernobyl Interesting new paper on Chernobyl

    http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00295450.2017.1384269 According to this paper, two nuclear explosions and one steam explosion took place.
  32. J

    Investigating Drag with Paper Cones

    Hi, I have been doing an experiment at school looking into how the angle of a cone affects the time it takes for it to fall 2m. The data consistently shows an inverse relationship but it is unclear whether or not they are inversely proportional i.e. if the angle doubles, the time taken to fall...
  33. Michael Marchenko

    Waves questions from Cambridge physics paper 9702

    I want to ask about question 27 in Cambridge university physics paper 9702/01 of October/November 2008 https://physics18.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/8/5/59854633/9702_w08_qp_01.pdfand question 30 in Cambridge university physics paper 9702/12 of May/June 2012...
  34. N

    A Topological Quantum Field Theory: Help reading a paper

    https://www.ma.utexas.edu/users/dafr/OldTQFTLectures.pdf I'm reading the paper linked above (page 10) and have a simple question about notation and another that's more of a sanity check. Given a space ##Y## and a spacetime ##X## the author talks about the associated Quantum Hilbert Spaces...
  35. A

    MHB A paper on Approximation Theory.

    I asked my question in overflow, so far with no answers. Perhaps here, I'll get an answer. https://mathoverflow.net/questions/282048/a-lemma-on-convex-domain-which-is-a-lipschitz-domain [admin edit: Below is the actual question posted, so our community doesn't have to follow multiple links:]...
  36. K

    I Testing Quantum Gravity paper Bose Einstein helium superfluid

    Testing Quantum Gravity Johan Hansson, Stephane Francois (Submitted on 19 Oct 2017) The search for a theory of quantum gravity is the most fundamental problem in all of theoretical physics, but there are as yet no experimental results at all to guide this endeavor. What seems to be needed is a...
  37. C

    A Trying to understand constraint equation from paper by Brink

    I am trying to fully understand the spectrum structure in the paper "A LAGRANGIAN FORMULATION OF THE CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM DYNAMICS OF SPINNING PARTICLES " by Brink, Vecchia and Howe. (I attached the file) I am having a problem with equation (4.13). It writes p \cdot b|\psi_{phys}\rangle=0 but...
  38. Y

    B Does this paper disprove the possibility of a new universe creation?

    My question has multiple parts, does the following paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.0298 Disprove the possibility of creation of another universe through quantum fluctuations if heat death occurs? If it does could another universe still be created through quantum tunneling? Can quantum...
  39. D

    Optimizing Your Chances in a Game of Paper, Scissor, Rock: A Strategic Approach

    Let's consider a game of paper, scissor, rock. We have two players: player A and player B. Player A always do paper; player B always uses a strategy, where he tosses a die, and if it comes out 1 or 2- he goes rock, if it comes out 3 or 4- he goes paper, and if it comes out 5 or 6- he goes...
  40. M

    Find the centre of mass for this sheet of paper with a cutout

    Homework Statement A uniform, rectangular sheet with sides of lengths a and b has a hole of dimensions a/4 by b/4 punched in it as shown below. Find the centre of mass of the sheet after the hole is made. Homework Equations CM= ∫xdm/∫dm The Attempt at a Solution I'm confused on what to...
  41. The Maker

    3D Origami Paper Swan (HD) Tell me what you think

    Thank you for your interest and please let me know what you think! Here is the video link: Here is the video description: "3D Origami Paper Swan" Instructions for how to make the triangles here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74z3n... This project took about a month to finish. I did not...
  42. E

    I Can a sheet of paper cut something if thin enough?

    I have been arguing with my friends about this question and we need some educated opinions on it. I think that if a piece of paper in thin enough it can cut something. These are the details: 1. "thin" in this case means extremely thin 2. The paper can not be used to saw or swipe( it would be...
  43. B

    Other Question about writing a scientific paper

    I am currently writing my first scientific paper, but I've never really had any proper training on the specifics of writing one particularly in citing references. The scenario is this: Say I'm reading paper A that wrote about result X which was cited from paper B. I also want to cite result X...
  44. The_Inventor

    A David Bohm's Paper on Hidden Variables Theory

    So I've been reading David Bohm's original paper on the alternative interpretation of quantum mechanics in terms of hidden variables, just out of interest. In the 4th section he presents a complex function ψ in terms of R and S, and then (using the time dependent schrodinger equation, TISE)...
  45. P

    A Evaluate this paper on the derivation of the Born rule

    I have encountered this paper "Curie Wiess model of the quantum measurement process". https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0203460 Another work by the same authors is "Understanding quantum measurement from the solution of dynamical models" https://arxiv.org/abs/1107.2138 I am still evaluating the...
  46. The Maker

    How to Make a 3D Origami Paper Snake: Please make your own

    This video is about making a snake out of paper. The style of paper folding and structure building shown in this video is called "3D Origami" if you wish to look it up. I hope that this video will inspire you guys to create your own creations and share them with me. I learned this skill in 6th...
  47. Gjmdp

    Other Astroparticle Physics Paper idea

    Hello, I'm doing this year (and the next one) a paper for Physics. I know you guys think is no big deal, because I'm in high school and so. But currently the level of my school is really high and most of the people are doing real research papers. The thing is I have no idea what to be the...
  48. Z

    Weight of air on a piece of paper

    Homework Statement -[/B] What is the weight of air on a piece of 8 1/2" x 11" piece of paper? Assume you're at sea level. Homework Equations [/B] None.The Attempt at a Solution All I know is atmospheric pressure is 14.7 lb/in2 at sea level. I have no idea how to go about calculating this...
  49. D

    A Questions about Einstein's 1916 GR Paper: Answers Needed

    Hello everyone. I was reading Einsteins 1916 original paper on GR, the "The foundation of the general theory of relativity". There are some derivation that he did but I didn't quite understand. It would be nice if someone can give me some direction or some guidance on it. Here is the link to...
  50. S

    I Where Can I Find Loudon's Paper on Two-Particle Interference Online?

    Where can I find the following paper online? Loudon, ‘‘Spatially-localized two-particle interference at a beam splitter" And if someone can send me a copy, I promise to use it only for my own study.
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