What is Synthesis: Definition and 164 Discussions

In chemistry, chemical synthesis (or combination) is the artificial execution of useful chemical reactions to obtain one or several products. This occurs by physical and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions. In modern laboratory uses, the process is reproducible and reliable.
A chemical synthesis involves one or more compounds (known as reagents or reactants) that will undergo a transformation when subjected to certain conditions. Various reaction types can be applied to formulate a desired product. This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel, such as a chemical reactor or a simple round-bottom flask. Many reactions require some form of work-up or purification procedure to isolate the final product.The amount produced in chemical synthesis is known as the reaction yield. Typically, yields are expressed as a mass in grams (in a laboratory setting) or as a percentage of the total theoretical quantity that could be produced based on the limiting reagent. A side reaction is an unwanted chemical reaction taking place which reduces the desired yield. The word synthesis was first used by the chemist Hermann Kolbe.

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  1. M

    A graphical linkage synthesis question

    Hi, all. Can anyone who use or used explain the difference between examples in Norton's machinery books in chapter on graphical linkage synthesis, one is a rocker output-two positions with complex displacement and the other is coupler output-two positions with complex displacement.
  2. T

    Organic Chemistry - Alcohol Synthesis Problem

    I have attached a file of the alcohol I need to synthesize and my futile attempt... I was thinking of using a hydration reaction to make the alcohol from the alkyne group. So basically I would mix the alkyne group with H2O and some how produce the alcohol group. Am I heading in the right...
  3. C

    Synthesis of ferrocene based macrocycles

    I've been asked to synthesise this ferrocene based macrocycle (shown in picture below) starting from ferrocene and other available materials from Aldrich. I need to make sure molar equivalents are spot on with reagents. Can anyone help please?
  4. G

    Synthesis of aspirin, confused noob

    Hi, Take a look at this synthesis of aspirin. Because I am noob, please bare with me. On the top there you can see how the acetic anhydride gets attacked by the H plus ion. I can't understand why the h plus ion gets bonded there. I`ve been trying to find the answer to this question for...
  5. J

    What activates protein synthesis?

    Hi all, I was just wondering, what stimulus activates protein synthesis? I already know the steps of protein synthesis but is there a particular mechanism that triggers the RNA polymerase to start transcription? In other words, how does the body know when to produce proteins? Is it possibly...
  6. P

    Is Element 120 Achievable?

    I've just been reading a little bit about attempts to create element 120 back in 2007. Do you guys think that it will be possible to create such an element?
  7. A

    Rice Univ. Carbon Nanotube Synthesis Breakthrough?

    I've been looking into expanding some research time into carbon nanotube synthesis thinking that it was still an obstacle to be able to produce a carbon nanotube long enough to be used for anything. I just found a YouTube video from rice university where they used a wet spin technique to produce...
  8. T

    Sandmeyer isatin synthesis - tarry material?

    Hey everyone! I am currently working on a project regarding the synthesis of variously substituted isatins using the Sandmeyer methodology, involving the condensation of chloral hydrate, hydroxylamine and substituted aniline (in this case the 4-ethylaniline) to nitrosoacetanilide with...
  9. R

    Synthesis of methanol from CO2+H2

    I was searching some info in this forum and I found something here: https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=160186 As far I know you've to mix carbon dioxide and hydrogen and the result is methanol. I want to understand more technical information, like the amount of each gas that...
  10. Q

    Can 2-Pentanol Be Synthesized Through Fermentation?

    so i know that 2-pentanol can be synth'd from 2-pentene+H20 however, i'd like to know if its possible to synth the molecule via a fermentation reaction all i have so far: __ ______ --> __ C5H12O + __ CO2
  11. S

    How Do tRNA Anti-Codons Find the Right mRNA Codons So Quickly?

    given humans have 64 possible codons, I am imagining a crowd of tRNA, each carrying an amino acid, swarming clumsily with random thermal motion around a ribosome with a feed of mRNA. How do the tRNA anti-codons find the right mRNA codons so quickly?! I saw a video that shows the amino acids...
  12. S

    Explaining the Role of t-RNA in Protein Synthesis

    Homework Statement I am not able to clearly understand the role of t-RNA in the synthesis of proteins using m-RNA as a template. please explain how does a t-RNA supply an amino acid?? Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution
  13. L

    What's the point of ATP synthesis from ADP + P?

    Wouldn't you need an ATP to actually add the P to ADP? ...So then nothing would really be accomplished because you'd have to use an ATP to make a different ATP. Or is there a different type of energy that can add P to ADP? My book says that the ADP + P reaction uses energy from...
  14. M

    Towards a neo-minimal synthesis for BSM physics

    The standard model was created, not to conform to anyone's a-priori theoretical ideas, but just to match experiment. In the decades after that, we had the long march through unifying ideas that culminated in M-theory, and the creation of thousands of models of BSM physics, featuring...
  15. M

    A student I am tutoring has asked me to help him formulate a synthesis

    A student I am tutoring has asked me to help him formulate a synthesis pathway for the compound N-ethylpent-4-enoate. I have spent countless hours trying to determine the structural formula for this compound without success. I must be missing something so obvious... Like leaves in a...
  16. L

    Synthesis reaction: turn 4-octyne into butanal

    I know that first we have to add H2 and a Lindlar catalyst in order to produce what is the reactant. I thought adding O3 would be an ozonolysis reaction. An ozonolysis reaction should yield this: I don't know why they added the Zn and CH3CO2H, though. What does this even do in the...
  17. M

    Ether Synthesis by Sn2 displacement

    Hello, I am doing an experiment in which I will have a halophenol, and with KOH in ethanol and an alkyl tosylate, I will need to create an ether. The first step is to add the KOH and alkyl tosylate, and I should almost have an ether (ring with halogen attached to it and an OR hanging off...
  18. L

    Calculating Synthesis Gas Volume for Water Heating: A Combustion Problem

    Homework Statement The partial burning of coal in the presence of O2 and H2O produces a mixture of CO(g) and H2(g) called synthesis gas. This gas can be used to synthesize organic compounds, or it can be burned as a fuel. A typical synthesis gas consists of 55.0% CO(g), 33.0% H2(g) and 12.0%...
  19. R

    Urea sulfate synthesis (acid concentration?)

    Hi all! I am currently doing trials on different fertilizer production methods. I want to make urea sulfate crystals from fertilizer grade urea granules (46% N) and sulfuric acid. I suspect it would be a straightforward process, dissolve the urea in acid and precipitate the crystals and...
  20. S

    Uranium Nitride Synthesis Breakthrough

    There have been some recent announcements in the news about the synthesis of Uranium Nitride. One announcement from Los Alamos National Labs mentions the use of photolysis to achieve the desired material...
  21. F

    Kinetics of methyl benzoate synthesis

    Hello, is there anyone knows the kinetics data of methyl benzoate synthesis by fischer esterification?? (activation energy & E estimation methode, or any experiment that involve temperature variance),, I had trouble in calculate reaction rate constant by the function of temperature... I only...
  22. J

    Synthesis of 2-butyne from 2-butene

    Homework Statement I'm having a hard time deciding exactly what the mechanism would be for CH3CH=CHCH3→CH3C\equivCCH3 Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution My professor only explained half of the mechanism quickly assuming the rest would be obvious, so I know that it will...
  23. J

    Synthesize 1-Butyl-3-Propylbenzene from 1-Chloropropane & 1-Butyne

    Given 3 molescules: 1-chloropropane, 1-butyne, and a benzene ring, how do I synthesize 1-butyl-3-propylbenzene? my question is, how do I get 1-chloropropane or 1-butyne on the ring without having branching? these 2 must be the starting material. I don't see how F&C alkcylation would work.
  24. H

    Organic Chemistry Hantzch Synthesis

    Homework Statement http://img51.imageshack.us/img51/9563/chem3.png Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution I know the answer has to be a or c because you need the ammonia to make this reaction happen but I don't know whether you would want to use 3-oxobutanenitrile or...
  25. H

    Synthesis using synopsys design compiler

    Homework Statement Hi, I am trying to complie my counter (writen in system verilog) using synopsys design compiler. It comes out this error: The expression in the reset condition of the 'if' statement in this 'always' block can only be a simple identifier or its negation. (ELAB-303) ***...
  26. R

    Fermentation and cellular respiration with same ATP synthesis rate

    You are comparing two cultures of cells. One undergoes cellular respiration and one ferments. Both cultures produce ATP at the same rate (for example, 100 ATP/msec). If this is true, what else would you observe about the fermenting culture? Choose /any that apply. a. It would require more...
  27. I

    What Are the Steps Involved in Enzyme Synthesis?

    Can anyone help me describe the steps of the enzyme synthesis diagram. Please describe each step 1, 2 ,3 http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/standard/biology/investigating_cells/enzymes_and_aerobic_respiration_rev4.shtml THANK YOU
  28. T

    Colloidal Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Get Answers Here!

    Could anyone tell me something about colloidal synthesis of nanoparticles in general? I have searched a lot and couldn't find any general explanation. Every text is written about some certain kind of nanoparticles and all of those methods are very different. Thank You!
  29. R

    MATLAB How Can I Improve My MATLAB Piano Synthesis to Sound Less Like a Kazoo?

    Hello, I'm not sure if this is the right place to write this thread, but I have a question about attempting to synthesize a piano in MATLAB. I am very new to MATLAB and DSP in general and my project is trying to create a piano sound using whatever means (FM synthesis, additive synthesis...
  30. K

    Programs Engineering degree to learn about music synthesis?

    hey everybody, I am a newcomer here, just stumbled upon this forum whilst reading about different university programs. i would really appreciate any advice regarding an academic plunge into the engineering field as a means to learn more about music synthesis, particularly analog synthesizers...
  31. A

    Physics based piano sound synthesis

    I'm working on the mathematically modeled piano synthesizer. Right now I'm using modal based approach, where the sound is formed by a sum of exponentially decaying sinusoids (harmonics). Right now I can calculate frequencies of sinusoids (taking inharmonicity into account, of course). For...
  32. F

    Synthesis of 3-methyl-3-pentanol

    Homework Statement A student wants to synthesize 3-methyl-3-pentanol. They react 2.3 equivalents of ethyl magnesium bromide with ethyl acetate, and then quench the reaction with sulfuric acid. 1. what is the product of the dimerization reaction? 2. What is the product from the reaction of...
  33. H

    What are the frequency bounds of waves from sine wave additive synthesis?

    Hello, If I can make any number of waves (n) all with the same phase but all within a frequency range of 100-200hz, what are the ranges of frequencies I can make when adding them? So would I be able to make a wave with frequency 400hz, or 25hz, using additive synthesis and these constraints...
  34. I

    Organic Chemistry Williamson Synthesis of an Ether

    " Write an alternate reaction that can be used to prepare the same product that we got in our lab ( changing the metal in the alkoxide or halide leaving group is not sufficient.) Explain the reaction you used, is it expected to be cheaper cost wise, and or produce a higher yield, based on the...
  35. I

    TLC Analysis of a Synthesis Reaction

    This is the link for the assignment: http://imageshack.us/f/840/assignmentsynthesisofev.jpg/ Homework Statement Given in the link Homework Equations Why would the proposed synthesis be successful if the reaction stopped after 2 hrs? How does H attack compound 2 to create compound...
  36. D

    Synthesis of an organic compound

    Homework Statement I've been asked to explain how would I synthesize an organic compound, its structure is attached as an image (first attachment) , could you help me figure it out? I'm supposed to start from benzene The Attempt at a Solution So far, I've got a big part of the...
  37. E

    What Solid Separates During the Malonic Ester Synthesis Reaction?

    So I'm performing the reaction using: urea + diethyl n-butylmalonate ----NaOEt---> n-butylbarbituric acid My question is, after adding everything, you mix it and heat it, what is the solid that separates during this reaction? I've been thinking it might be diethyl n-butylmalonate but...
  38. E

    Solvents for Grignard Synthesis?

    Okay so besides anhydrous diethyl ether, what other solvents could I use for a Grignard? What makes it a good solvent and what makes something a bad solvent? I know we want something that isn't miscible with water in the least bit because this would kill the reaction, but what else? Thanks
  39. N

    Potential energy and ATP synthesis

    Hello! I am at a loss as to the cause of an energy potential from a concentration gradient. Take for example the H+ concentration gradient across the innermembrane in mitochondria. The greater concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space relative to the matrix results in an electrical...
  40. C

    Synthesis of polymers containing biarenes

    I am a high school chemistry AP student. In class, my teacher told us about how benzene's delocalized ∏ electrons can donate to a metal but it is not a strong bond. I wanted to know if it was possible to make a coordination compound that was also a polymer by using a biarene ligand, one end...
  41. L

    Synthesis of proteins in Euk. cells

    Homework Statement I'm a little confused as to how the nucleolus in a eukaryotic cell manages to synthesize proteins. For example, in the nucleolus, does it contain DNA that it uses to synthesize ribosomal RNA, which then synthesizes ribosomal subunits? Then the ribosomal subunits go out into...
  42. C

    Synthesis of Glucose or Other High-Energy Sugars

    Is there a way to synthesize glucose, or any other high energy sugars, from simpler compounds? What are the compounds and how can they be converted into glucose? Can you describe the reactions that take place to form glucose? This is what I mean, as an example: Say we have methane, or CH4...
  43. E

    Nitrobenzene/phenol/aspirin synthesis

    I have been thinking about attempting a synthesis of nitrobenzene compounds, with a long-term prospect of synthesizing aspirin. I have some questions regarding the synthesis. During the addition of the nitro group to benzene, I only want molecules with a single nitro group. How do I...
  44. P

    Do you know where i can get a flow sheet for the synthesis of Carbon 60 ?

    ? Or the process chemistry behind the synthesis of Carbon 60
  45. C

    Synthesis of keytones/aldehydes from ethanol formed from E1 (alkoxide reagent)?

    No, this isn't a homework question... Would it be feasible to use a tertiary haloalkane with sodium ethoxide, then use the ethanol formed from the deprotonation of the haloalkane in the E1 reaction for the synthesis of aldehydes or keytones? Just thinking it could be an alternative way...
  46. B

    Can Explosives Create Diamonds in a Backyard Experiment?

    I'm working with a television production company on a new project - we're looking at using "backyard methods" to produce diamonds (nothing special, we'll be happy with industrial grade for the show), namely using an unconventional technique reportedly used by the soviets during the cold war...
  47. E

    Alkali hydrides in org. synthesis

    I am interested in reactions of the type C2H5COCH3 + KH -> C2H5COCH2K + H2 In this paticular reaction, I understand that the participating hydrogen is beta to the carbonyl group since the oxygen's electronegativity makes the beta-hydrogen atoms acidic, and KH acts like a base. However, would...
  48. S

    How does inhibting bacterial protein synthesis inhibit bacterial division?

    Hello everyone, Quick question. I can understand proteins are needed to make everything in the cell, so if you inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, cell division can not occur. However my question is does the DNA replicate and divide, and then the cell can not make other things they want so...
  49. C

    In the synthesis of ester, how does conc. aqueos calcium chloride

    In the synthesis of ester, how does conc. aqueos calcium chloride remove excess ethanol? I tried google, and found out that a complex is formed. How is this possible? If then what exactly is the complex formed? Thanks. :smile:
  50. L

    Need help with understanding synthesis equations

    Homework Statement I have trouble with finding out the product or equations and i don't understand them could someone please help me with figuring it out Homework Equations copper + sulfur > copper(II) sulfide 8Cu + S8 > 8CuS The Attempt at a Solution How is the sulfur charge 8 ...
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