Thank you so much for you answers, they're very helpful :)
"It turns out that, if the orbitals 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, and 3p are all filled, a 4s electron will see a higher effective charge of the nucleus than a 3d electron, hence E(3d) > E(4s)."
This is a convincing explanation as to why the 4s sub...