Because frequency is frame dependent, it is not an invariant quantity.
As frequency depends on the frame of reference, only an observer at rest with respect to the source would measure the frequency "native" to the source.
Maybe a helpful analogy: kinetic energy of body also depends on the...
And the shape (morphology) of galaxies is related to the environment in which they are located, namely the density of galaxies found in the neighborhood. According to morphology-density relation, spiral galaxies are common when isolated, but are rare in highly dense regions.
So maybe the...
Another noticeable difference is that older galaxies are bluer (after compensating the redshift, of course) than today's nearby galaxies. See the Butcher–Oemler Effect:
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/b/Butcher-Oemler+Effect
That indicates an increased level of star formation, which makes...
Regarding metallicity (abundance of heavier elements than hydrogen and helium), yes generally speaking the early galaxies should be metal-poor. But obviously that is not a complete truth, the observation are more complex. See here:
Regarding the morphology of the more distant (older) galaxies...
Very brief answer: because classical Newtonian mechanics is not in accordance with several observations and experiments. For detailed answers you would really need to study few textbooks involving all the topics you asked about, as suggested by @Vanadium 50
The behavior of Excel depends on the regional settings in Windows. In some countries, comma "," is used as decimal separator instead of point "." character. In such case, comma "," cannot be used to separate values and Excel uses semicolon ";" to separate the values instead.
@Arman777, that...
I am more decent, I was thinking rather about intra-solar-system travels than interstellar :)
Who knows, maybe in few decades (*), we'll have manned fusion driven spacecraft s, providing constant linear acceleration ##g##...
Oh, and one more drawback of the rotational artificial gravity wasn't mention yet. The force you would feel would depend on how far you are located from the rotational axis.
As an alternative (although not very feasible), you could somehow "miraculously" ensure linear acceleration of your spacecraft . According to equivalence principle, that couldn't be distinguished from gravity at all. At least in sufficiently small regions (for example the spacecraft itself)...