##C## is an empirical parameter for any device.
Try to add small charges ##\delta{q}## to a device that ##V## depends linearely to ##Q## inside, like a common capacitor.
Adding total energy you can see a Gaus's summation that provide a factor 1/2.
This is a non-quasistatic processes. I think that the only we can say is:
##U_1 = p_1V_1 = nRT_1##
##U_2 = p_2V_2 = nRT_2 = nRT_1 + W_{ext}##
but we have no quasistatic processes to calculate ##W_{ext}##
Flat and curved surfaces can calculated by the same way as ## \delta{F} = p\,\delta{A} ## with ##\delta{A}\to0##.
This is distributed load force and container is rigid body.
What does "area" exactly mean? Area for me is the paper amount that need painting and for this reason I take right hand result. But the integral have sign and is the left hand result.
You are right. May be better a simpler geometry.
Let ##A(x_1,y_1)## and ##B(x_2,y_2)## the end points and ##O(x,0)## the point than we need. Write the total time and take derivation ##d/dx(t)=0##.
Yes, is not correct but when we don't explain what we do, some people thinks that may be correct for some reason.
For example, I don't know what is LHS or RHS. Is something like KGB to me.
$$\int_0^{2π} sin(x)\,dx = 2 \int_0^π sin(x)\,dx$$ may used on cases than something change on ##\pi## value. Generally is zero.
Please, place the foul problem.