To graph a square on the Cartesian coordinate system, various functions can be utilized, such as |x| + |y| = 1 or max{|x|, |y|} = 1, which effectively define the boundaries of a square. The discussion highlights that the representation of coordinates can vary based on the dimensions and attributes being visualized, with projections often used in higher dimensions. Transformations like rotation and translation can be applied to reposition and resize the square using trigonometric functions. The participants also address domain and range issues when attempting to graph squares and rectangles, emphasizing the importance of proper function selection. Overall, the conversation explores multiple mathematical approaches to achieve the desired graphical representation of a square.