Optogenetics and neurons firing

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In summary, optogenetics is a cutting-edge technique that combines deep brain stimulation, fiber optics, and gene therapy. By injecting mice neurons with a gene that causes them to glow green when firing, researchers can monitor neural activity through the same fiber-optic cable used for stimulation. This allows for two-way traffic in the brain, enabling researchers to both write and read neural activity. Additionally, the fiber-optic cable can detect different types of neural firing, such as regular spiking, phasic bursting, and fast spiking. This technology has the potential to greatly advance our understanding of the human brain and its functions.
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Optogenetics is the combination of deep brain stimulation with fiber optics and gene therapy.

I have read that there can be two way traffic (http://www.wired.com/magazine/2009/10/mf_optigenetics/all/1")

By injecting mice neurons with yet another gene, one that makes cells glow green when they fire, researchers are monitoring neural activity through the same fiber-optic cable that delivers the light. The cable becomes a lens. It makes it possible to “write” to an area of the brain and “read” from it at the same time: two-way traffic.

I know that there are no big or small firing of neurons - all firings are the same size. I was wondering if the fiber-optic cable can detect the difference between regular spiking, phasic bursting or fast spiking.
 
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Has there been any progress with optogenetics? It really does sound quite fascinating and could really help doctors and researchers understand the human brain and how it functions. It's quite fascinating how they can take a plant gene and implant it into a mammals neurons and brain.
 

1. What is Optogenetics and how does it work?

Optogenetics is a scientific technique that involves using light to control and manipulate the activity of neurons in living organisms. This is achieved by genetically modifying neurons to express light-sensitive proteins, which can then be activated or inhibited by shining specific wavelengths of light on them. This allows researchers to study the function of neurons and their role in various biological processes.

2. What types of neurons can be targeted with optogenetics?

Optogenetics can be used to target a variety of neurons, including those in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. This includes both excitatory and inhibitory neurons, as well as specific types of neurons such as dopaminergic or GABAergic neurons.

3. What are some potential applications of optogenetics?

Optogenetics has a wide range of potential applications in neuroscience research, including studying the neural basis of behavior, memory, and learning, as well as investigating neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. It also has potential therapeutic applications, such as using light to stimulate damaged neurons or control the release of neurotransmitters.

4. What are the limitations of optogenetics?

One limitation of optogenetics is that it requires genetic modification of neurons, which can be a complex and time-consuming process. Additionally, the effects of optogenetic stimulation may not be limited to just the targeted neurons, as light can also affect nearby cells. This technique is also restricted to areas of the body that can be exposed to light, limiting its use in certain parts of the body.

5. How does optogenetics differ from other methods of studying neurons?

Optogenetics offers distinct advantages over traditional methods of studying neurons, such as electrical stimulation or pharmacological manipulation. It allows for precise and reversible control of specific neurons, without affecting the surrounding tissue. It also offers the ability to target specific types of neurons, which can be difficult with other techniques. However, it is not a replacement for other methods and is often used in combination with them for a more comprehensive understanding of neural function.

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