Continuous Definition and 1000 Threads

I'm following this paper by Kitaev on SL(2,R) representations and I'm having a problem in the normalization of the continuous eigenfunctions (eqs. (67)-(70)), which satisfy \langle f_s | f_{s'} \rangle = \int_{0}^{1} \frac{2}{(1-u)^2} f_s(u)^* f_{s'}(u) \, du. \tag{67} The singular contribution...

Do functions exist f: R --> R such that 1) f is an open map 2) f is noncontinuous, and 3) Both domain AND codomain are endowed with the usual topology? I'm aware of examples that satisfy 1) and 2) but which use the discreet topology on the codomain.

In Rudin's PMA, when he proves the Stirling formula, he defines a continuous, decreasing function ##h:(-1,\infty)\to\mathbb R## such that ##h(u)\to\infty## as ##u\to -1## and ##h(u)\to 0## as ##u\to\infty##. Then he derives an integral expression for ##\Gamma(x+1)##, where ##\Gamma## is the...

Let ##f## be a continuous function defined in ##\mathbb{R}^n##. ##||\cdot ||## is the standard Euclidean metric. Then here are my suggested ways to choose ##f##: 1. Choose any continuous ##f## that satisfies $$1=\sup_{||x||\leq 1}||f||\neq \max_{||x||\leq 1}||f||$$ because the inequality...

Hi, The task is as follows For the proof I wanted to use the boundedness, in the script of my professor the following is given, since both ##(X,d)## and ##\mathbb{R}## are normalized vector spaces I have now proceeded as follows ##|d(x,p)| \le C |x|## according to Archimedes' principle, a...

##G## and ##H## are real valued Lipschitz continuous functions. There exists a ##K_1,K_2\geq 0## such that for all ##s,t##, $$(s-t)^2\leq K_1^2 (G(s)-G(t))^2$$ and $$(s-t)^2\leq K_2^2 (H(s)-H(t))^2.$$ Is ##aG(t)+bH(t)## where ##a,b## are real constants also Lipschitz continuous? I tried showing...

Hello, I recently got interested in wavelets. The main idea seems clear: we compute the inner product between the signal ##x(t)## and a chosen wavelet for different scale factors and translations of the wavelet over the signal. The inner product provides the coefficient for a wavelet with a...

Currently, as far as I know, the two main ways to express any given point on a plane is through either cartesian plane or polar coordinates. Both of which requires an ordered pair of two numbers to express a point. However, I wonder if there exists such a system that could express any given...

Let ##0 < \alpha < 1##. Find a necessary and sufficient condition for the function ##f : [0,1] \to \mathbb{R}##, ##f(x) = \sqrt{x}##, to belong to the class ##C^{0,\alpha}([0,1])##.

φ is a continuous, proper and locally one-to-one map.Is it a globally one-to-one map?

Let ##\gamma > 1##. If ##(X,d)## is a metric space and ##f : \mathbb{R} \to X## satisfies ##d(f(x),f(y)) \le |x - y|^\gamma## for all ##x,y\in \mathbb{R}##, show that ##f## must be constant.

For this, , The solution is, However, should they not write ##f(x) = \cos x## on ##[\frac{pi}{4}, \infty)## Many thanks!

Hi. I'm not sure where to put this question, thermodynamics or the quantum physics forum (or somewhere else). For a system in equillibrium with a heat bath at temperature T, the Boltzman distribution can be used. We have the probability of finding the system in state n is given by ##p_n =...

For number 18, The solution is, However, should they not write "For ## -∞ < a < -2##" since ##a ≠ -∞## (infinity is not a number)? Many thanks!

For this problem, I don't understand why they are saying ##-1 < a < 1## since they are trying to find where ##f(x)## is continuous including the endpoints ##f(-1)## and ##f(1)## Why is it not: ##-1 ≤ a ≤1## Many thanks!

Hello. How to prove that in smooth infinitesimal analysis every function on R is continuous? (Every function whose domain is R, the real numbers, is continuous and infinitely differentiable.) Thanks.

Suppose two satellites are in a circular heliocentric orbit with radius R and with angular velocity O'. Satellite 2 then undergoes a low continuous thrust. Can Satellite 2 (the one that undergoes the continuous low thrust) maintain the same angular velocity O' about the sun? It seems that...

Let ##f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}## be a uniformly continuous function. Show that, for some positive constants ##A## and ##B##, we have ##|f(x)| \le A + B|x|## for all ##x\in \mathbb{R}##.

f(x)=ln(|x1|+1)+(-2x1 2 +3x2 2 + 2x3 3) + sin(x1 + x2 + x3), for this problem in particular would be it be sufficient to find the Hessian and to see if that matrix is semi positive definite to determine if it convex?

Let's say that we have a one-particle Hamiltonian that admits only a continuous spectrum of eigenvalues ##E(k)=\alpha k^2## parameterized by asymptotic momentum ##\mathbf{k}## (assuming the eigenfunctions become planewaves far from the origin), would the partition function then be $$Z=\int...

I have a C-Pap machine, and I'd like to put together something to power it for a few hours if we have a blackout. Wiring two of the above lantern batteries together should produce 24 volts. But I can't find any info on how much wattage you can draw from these before the voltage will sag. It...

We were discussing how much weight it would take to stop the mechanism from rotating in this thread: https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/weight-required-to-hang-straight-down-with-known-torque.1016470/#post-6646777 I wondered if there were actually a range of weights that would stop it...

So I have come up with my solution(attempt) which is: where ( $$\psi_ 1 \triangleq Asin(kx),0<x<L$$ $$\psi_ 2 \triangleq Be^{-sx},x>L$$ $$k \triangleq \sqrt{\frac{2mE}{\hbar^2}} $$ $$s \triangleq \sqrt{\frac{2m(V-E)}{\hbar^2}} $$) But this has a serious problem about boundary: I think...

Suppose f is a function such that f'(7) is undefined. Which of the following statements is always true? (Give evidences that supports your answer, then explain how those evidences supports your answer) a. f must be continuous at x = 7. b. f is definitely not continuous at x = 7. c. There is not...

Reif,pg 14. ##n_1## is the number of steps to the right in a 1D random walk. ##N## are the total number of steps "When ##N## is large, the binomial probability distribution ##W\left(n_{1}\right)## ##W\left(n_{1}\right)=\frac{N !}{n_{1} !\left(N-n_{1}\right) !} p^{n_{1}} q^{N-n_{1}}## tends to...

help me please to determine what are the equations i need tofinish my activity. Thankyou

Outline of proof: Part I: ##1.## ##f## is a homeomorphism, so there exists a continuous inverse ##g:Y\longrightarrow X##. ##2.## ##f## is a bijection, hence there is a unique ##f(x)## in ##Y## for every ##x## in ##X##. For every ##f(x)\in Y##, the preimage under ##f## is...

Sketch of proof: ##1.## Let ##V## be open in ##Y##. ##2.## For arbitrary ##f:X\longrightarrow Y## and for arbitrary ##V##, ##f^{-1}(V)## is in ##X##. ##3.## ##f:X\longrightarrow Y## is continuous, so ##f^{-1}(V)## is open in ##X##. ##4.## Every subset ##f^{-1}(V)## of ##X## is open, so ##X##...

##f## is continuou on ##\mathbb{C}##, so for al ##\epsilon>0##, there is a ##\delta>0## such that $$|\tilde{z}-z|\leq \delta \Rightarrow |f(\tilde{z})-f(z)|\leq \epsilon$$ for all ##\tilde{z}## and ##z## in ##\mathbb{C}##. Complex conjugation is a norm preserving operation on ##\mathbb{C}##, so...

My book says that emission spectra are produced when an electron in excited state jump from excited to lower energy states. It also states that solids and liquids produce continuous spectra and it depends upon temperature only (is this black body radiation?). I know, Electrons around a nucleus...

(a) $$\int_0^1\int_0^1x+cy^2 dxdy=\int_0^1 [\frac{x^2}{2}+cxy^2]_0^1dy= \int_0^1\frac{1}{2}+cy^2 dy=[\frac{y}{2}+\frac{cy^3}{3}]_0^1=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{c}{3}=1$$ $$\Rightarrow c=\frac{3}{2}$$ (b) The marginal pdf of X is $$f_X(a)=\int_0^1 f_{X,Y}(a,b)db=\int_0^1 x+\frac{3}{2}y^2...

Define a continuous function $$F(x;n)$$ that interpolates points (x, x mod n) for a given integer n and all integer x. For example $$F(x;2)=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2}\cos\left(\pi x\right)$$ interpolates all points (x, x mod 2) when x is an integer. Similarly $$F(x;3)$$ should interpolate points...

Let f be continuous in [0,1] and g be continuous in [1,2] and f(1)=g(1). prove that $$ (f*g)= \begin{cases} f(t), 0\leq t\leq 1\\ g(t), 1\leq t \leq2 \end{cases}$$ is continuous using the universal property of quotient spaces. Let ##f:[0,1]→X## and ##g:[1,2]→Y## f and y are continuous, thus...

Basically with this problem, I need to show that f is continuous if A and B are open and if A and B are closed. My initial thoughts are that in the first case X must be open since unions of open sets are open. My question is that am I allowed to assume open sets exist in Y? Because then I can...

I was working on plotting fidelity with time for two quantum states. First I used discrete time( t= 0,1,2,3...etc) to plot my fidelity. I got constant fidelity as 1 with continuous value of time. Next I used discrete set of values ( t=0 °,30 °,60 °,90 °). Here I saw my fidelity decreases and...

I came across this 'problem' when I was trying to think about how a torsion spring would apply torque in something like a miniature catapult. I understand that in the context of something like turning a wrench, we can find the net torque on the wrench by treating the hand applying the force as...

Problem: Let ## f: \Bbb R \to \Bbb R ## be continuous. It is known that ## \lim_{x \to \infty } f(x) = \lim_{x \to -\infty } f(x) = l \in R \cup \{ \pm \infty \} ##. Prove that ## f ## gets maximum or minimum on ## \Bbb R ##. Proof: First we'll regard the case ## l = \infty ## ( the case...

I think it reaches its maximum efficiency when it is two continuous Carnot process. Its efficiency then will be H= 1-(W1+W2)/(Q1+Q2), with W1/Q1>=T2/T1 and W2/Q2>=T3/T2 therefore H<= 1- (Q1.T2/T1+Q2.T3/T2)/(Q1+Q2), that is as far as i can go, have not got a result yet

Suppose ##f## is not uniformly-continuous. Then there is ##\epsilon>0## such that for any ##\delta>0##, there is ##x,y\in K## such that if ##|x-y|<\delta##, ##|f(x)-f(y)|\geq \epsilon##. Choose ##\delta=1##. Then there is a pair of real numbers which we will denote as ##x_1,y_1## such that if...

Non-homegenous first order ODE so start with an integrating factor ##\mu## $$\mu=\textrm{exp}\left(\int a dt\right)=e^t.$$ Then rewrite the original equation as $$\frac{d}{dt}\mu y = \mu g(t).$$ Using definite integrals and splitting the integration across the two cases, $$\begin{align}...

We need to show that ##\lim_{x \rightarrow a}f(x)=f(a), \forall a \in \mathbb{R}## . At first, I tried to show that f is continuous at 0 and from there I would show for all a∈R. But now, I think this may not even be true. I only got that f(0)=0. I'm very confused, I appreciate any help!

This is the figure from the book. First of all, from what I know about diffraction, there is an interference pattern but not dispersion of the different colors. If what is happening here can be explained that would be great. Second, the book says the line spectra for different gasses are due to...

Hello all, Is this statement true ? Is every increasing monotonic function in a closed interval also continuous ? How do you prove such a thing ? Thank you !

Dear all, I am trying to figure out if a non continuous function is also not bounded. I know that a continuous function in an interval, closed interval, is also bounded. Is a non continuous function in a closed interval not bounded ? I think not, it makes no sense. How do you prove it ? Thank...

Perhaps use the definition of continuity, partial differentiability?

Here's my attempt: clc; clear all; Ra=1.8; La=150*10^(-3); Ls=150*10^(-3); Rs=1.8; Rt=Rs+Ra; ws=100*pi; c=1.25; vrms=240; vm=240*sqrt(2); f=50; T=1:0.5:50; for a=0:pi/9:pi/3 vt=(2*vm*cos(a))/pi wc=((ws*(Ls+La)/tan(a))-Rs-Ra)/c; x=[wc; a+pi]; Tc=c*(2*vm*cos(a)/(pi*(c*wc+Ra+Rs)))^2; for...

Define $$\phi(A)$$ a transformation which, acting on a vector x, returns $$AxA^{*}$$, in such way that if A belongs to the group $$SL(2,C)$$, $$||\phi(A)x||^2 = ||x||^2$$, so it conserves the metric and so is a Lorentz transformation. $$\phi(AB)x = (AB)x(AB)^{*} = ABxB^{*}A^{*} = A(BxB^{*})A^{*}...

I know that the function, g(x)= sin(1/x) has infinite oscillations when the values of x get closer and closer to 0. So its limit does not exist (from graphing it). However, the way that we defined f(x), at x=0, f(x)=1, but f(x)= sin(1/x) on (0,infinity). I have an issue in general showing that...

E=hf-W where W is a work function. However we know that electrons in an atom will be excited only when radiated with photons of n*f0 discrete number of frequencies. where E=hf-W is a continuous function. Is this because energy level is continuous within a conductor? If we think of only...

I am not sure about how to approach this. Since the volume is uniformly distributed, the mean volume is ##(5.7+5.1)/2=5.4##, which is less than ##5.5##. From this, I could say that, on average, the producer won't spend any extra dollars. But then I thought that maybe I should interpret this as...