Sums Definition and 349 Threads

Show that for all positive integers ##n##, $$\binom{n}{1} - \frac{1}{2}\binom{n}{2} + \cdots + (-1)^{n-1}\frac{1}{n}\binom{n}{n} = 1 + \frac{1}{2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{n}$$

Consider the ##n##th Ramanujan sum, $$c_n(k) = \sum_{\substack{m = 1\\(m,n) = 1}}^n \exp\left\{2\pi i \frac{k m}{n}\right\}$$ Show that $$c_n(k) = \sum_{d\mid (k,n)} d\, \mu\left(\frac{n}{d}\right)$$

Let ##c## be a complex number with ##|c| \neq 1##. Find $$\lim_{n\to \infty} \frac{1}{n}\sum_{\ell = 1}^n \frac{\sin(e^{2\pi i \ell/n})}{1-ce^{-2\pi i \ell/n}}$$

Given a function ##f##, interval ##[a,b]##, and its tagged partition ##\dot P##. The Riemann Sum is defined over ##\dot P## is as follows: $$ S (f, \dot P) = \sum f(t_i) (x_k - x_{k-1})$$ A function is integrable on ##[a,b]##, if for every ##\varepsilon \gt 0##, there exists a...

Is there more references for how accurate is the continuum approximation to discrete sums? Perhaps more mathematical. What I've found: https://lonitch.github.io/Sum-to-Int/ https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.10941.pdf Some examples are: Sum to integral $$\sum_{\mathbf{k}} \to 2 \left ( \frac{L}{2...

We don't need to worry about the n = -1 so we can assume that the function is continuous on any interval [a,b] where a, b are real numbers if I separate my interval into N partitions, then the right side values in my interval are a + \frac{b-a}{N}, a + 2 \frac{b-a}{N}, ... , a + k...

Hi, its been a while since I have thought about this type of math, and I can't really remember how to do this or what its even called. I have two lists of numbers: A: 8, 8, 9, 10, 7, 8 B: 6, 5, 4, 3, 3, 3 I want to find all the different ways I can add elements from A with elements of B. For...

I have a doubt about the notation and alternative ways to represent the terms involved in sums. Suppose that we have the following multivariable function, $$f(x,y)=\sum^{m}_{j=0}y^{j}\sum^{j-m}_{i=0}x^{i+j}$$. Now, let ##\psi_{j}(x)=\sum^{j-m}_{i=0}x^{i+j}##. In the light of the foregoing, is...

I've came across the two following theorems in my studies of Probability Generating Functions: Theorem 1: Suppose ##X_1, ... , X_n## are independent random variables, and let ##Y = X_1 + ... + X_n##. Then, ##G_Y(s) = \prod_{i=1}^n G_{X_i}(s)## Theorem 2: Let ##X_1, X_2, ...## be a sequence of...

Hello All. This is my first post on the Physics Forums. I have started to self-study calculus and based on the feedback from this site and others, I have chosen Elementary Calculus: An Infinitesimal Approach by Jerome Keisler. I am working through the problems for section 1.5 (page 34/35)...

Hello, I've been trying to solve this problem for a while, and I found a technical solution which is too computationally intensive for large numbers, I am trying to solve the problem using Combinatorics instead. Given a set of integers 1, 2, 3, ..., 50 for example, where R=50 is the maximum...

The first plot shows a large number of terms of Zeta(0.5 + i t) plotted end to end for t = 778948.517. The other plots are two zoomed-in regions, including one ending in a Cornu spiral. Despite all sorts of vicissitudes, the plot generally spirals outwards in a "purposeful" sort of way. It is...

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Hey! I'm stuck again and not sure how to solve this question been at it for a few hours. Any help is appreciated as always. Q: (1) Let the sum S = 3- 3/2 + 3/4 - 3/8 + 3/16 - 3/32 +...- 3/128. Determine integers a , n and a rational number k so that...(Image) (2 )And then calculate S using...

How to show that$E[N]=\displaystyle\sum_{k=1}^\infty P{\{N\geq k\}}=\displaystyle\sum_{k=0}^\infty P{\{N>k\}}$ If any member here knows the answer, may reply to this question.:confused:

Hello and Good Afternoon! Today I need the help of respectable member of this forum on the topic of integrability. According to Mr. Michael Spivak: A function ##f## which is bounded on ##[a,b]## is integrable on ##[a,b]## if and only if $$ sup \{L (f,P) : \text{P belongs to the set of...

import numpy as np def num_int(f,a,b,n): dx=(b-a)/n x=np.arange(a,b,step=dx) y=f(x) return y.sum()*dx def rational_func(x): return 1/(1+x**2) print(num_int(rational_func,2,5,10)) Here is my code for the left endpoint, I know this code works because I compared it to an...

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In this example, DiscretePlot[ Sum[ f[x], {x,1,n} ],{n,1,20}] will Mathematica automatically optimize the procedure -- i.e., will it run a single loop where it calculates the sum up to 20 only once, transferring the partial sums to the output as it goes along? Assume that there is no...

Summary: Generating Subsets of a Multiset in Ascending Order of the Sums of the Elements of the Sub(multi)set I am trying to come up with an algorithm where you can generate combination from a set in a order such that their sums are in increasing order. This set has to be a multiset i.e...

The definition of the Riemann sums: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_sum I'm stuck with a problem in my textbook involving upper and lower Riemann sums. The first question in the problem asks whether, given a function ##f## defined on ##[a,b]##, the upper and lower Riemann sums for ##f##...

There are 8 cards with number 10 on them, 5 cards with number 100 on them and 2 cards with number 500 on them. How many distinct sums are possible using from 1 to all of the 15 cards?Answer given is 143. But my logic is for any sum, at least 2 numbers are needed. So, there are $\binom{15} {2}...

Homework Statement [/B] From the Rodrigues’ formulae, I want to derive nature of the spherical Bessel and Neumann functions at small values of p. Homework Equations [/B] I'm going to post an image of the Bessel function where we're using a Taylor expansion, which I'm happy with and is as far...

Homework Statement I am stuck on number 11 on my homework. Homework Equations Not Sure The Attempt at a Solution I know this has to have something to do with Riemann's Sum, but I am lost on where to start. I started by putting numbers in for p, but I think that is wrong.

Hi. I know that eixe-ix = 1 but if I write the product of the 2 exponentials as infinite series I get ΣnΣm xn/(n!) (-x)m/(m!) without knowing the result is 1 using exponentials how would I get the result of this product of 2 infinite sums ? Thanks

Homework Statement Prove that if A,B,C, are the angles of an arbitrary triangle, then m(A)+m(B)+m(C) = 180 degrees by the following method: From any vertex draw the perpendicular to the line of the opposite side. Then use the result already known for right triangles Homework EquationsThe...

Hey there, I've suddenly found myself trying to learn about the Lorentz group and its representations, or really the representations of its double-cover. I have now got to the stage where the 'complexified' Lie algebra is being explored, linear combinations of the generators of the rotations...

I'm working through Lahiri & Pal's book A First Book of Quantum Field Theory, Second Edition and I'm stuck on their explanation of the polarization vector in quantum electrodynamics in Chapters 8 and 9. In section 8.8, they derive a formula for the sum over the transverse polarization modes of...

Homework Statement A switching network has 4 inputs and a single output (Z) as shown in the figure below. The output Z is 1 iff the binary number represented by ABCD ( A is the MSB) is an even number greater than 5. Find : a) The standard POS of Z (abbreviated form). b) The standard SOP of...

Homework Statement a. Write down a Riemann sum for the integral ∫x3dx from 0 to 1. b. Given the following identity 13+23+33...+N3=(N(N+1)/2)2, show that the Riemann sums for ∫x3dx from 0 to 1 converge to 1/4. The Attempt at a Solution I believe I have gotten part a. I got ∑i^3/N^4 from i=0 to...

Heya, So, I know this is a pretty simple problem, but I seem stuck on it nevertheless. Here's the question Calculate the upper and lower sums , on a regular partition of the intervals, for the following integrals \begin{align*} \int_{1}^{3}(1-7x)dx \end{align*} Please correct me if I'm doing...

Homework Statement Let ##\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_n## be a series with nonnegative terms which diverges, and let ##(s_n)## be the sequence of partial sums. Prove that ##\lim_{n\to\infty} s_n = \infty##. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution This isn't a difficult problem, but I want to make...

I will state the problem below. I don't quite understand what I am needing to show. Could someone point me in the right direction? I would greatly appreciate it. Problem: Let p be a natural number greater than 1, and x a real number, 0<x<1. Show that there is a sequence $(a_n)$ of integers...

I am reading Paul E. Bland's book, "Rings and Their Modules". I am focused on Section 4.2: Noetherian and Artinian Modules and need some further help to fully understand the proof of part of Proposition 4.2.10 ... ... Proposition 4.2.10 reads as follows:In the above proof by Bland we read the...

I am reading Paul E. Bland's book, "Rings and Their Modules". I am focused on Section 4.2: Noetherian and Artinian Modules and need some further help to fully understand the proof of part of Proposition 4.2.7 ... ... Proposition 4.2.7 reads as...

I am reading Paul E. Bland's book, "Rings and Their Modules". I am focused on Section 4.2: Noetherian and Artinian Modules and need some help to fully understand the proof of part of Proposition 4.2.7 ... ... Proposition 4.2.7 reads as follows:https://www.physicsforums.com/attachments/8208In...

Hi, consider a (finite dimensional) vector space ##V=U\oplus W##, where the subspaces ##U## and ##V## are not necessarily orthogonal, equipped with a bilinear product ##*:V\times V \rightarrow V##. The subspace ##U## is closed under multiplication ##*##, thus ##U## is a subalgebra of ##V##...

I am reading Paul E. Bland's book: Rings and Their Modules and am currently focused on Section 2.1 Direct Products and Direct Sums ... ... I need help to make a meaningful start on Problem 14 of Problem Set 2.1 ... Problem 14 of Problem Set 2.1 reads as follows:I am somewhat overwhelmed by...

I have an issue/problem that relates to Bland initial treatment of external direct sums including Proposition 2.1.5 ... especially Bland's definition of the sum of a family of mappings ... Bland's text on this is as follows: In the above text by Bland we read the following: " ... ... We now...

I am reading Paul E. Bland's book "Rings and Their Modules" ... Currently I am focused on Section 3.2 Exact Sequences in [FONT=MathJax_Main]Mod[FONT=MathJax_Math]R ... ... I need some help in order to fully understand the proof of Proposition 3.2.7 ... Proposition 3.2.7 and its proof read...

I am reading Paul E. Bland's book "Rings and Their Modules" ... Currently I am focused on Section 3.2 Exact Sequences in ##\text{Mod}_R## ... ... I need some help in order to fully understand the proof of Proposition 3.2.7 ... Proposition 3.2.7 and its proof read as follows: In the above...

I am reading Paul E. Bland's book: Rings and Their Modules and am currently focused on Section 2.1 Direct Products and Direct Sums ... ... I need help with Problem 1(b) of Problem Set 2.1 ... Problem 1(b) of Problem Set 2.1 reads as follows: I have had difficulty in formulating a rigorous...

Homework Statement I am reading Paul E. Bland's book: Rings and Their Modules and am currently focused on Section 2.1 Direct Products and Direct Sums ... ... I need help with Problem 1(b) of Problem Set 2.1 ... Problem 1(b) of Problem Set 2.1 reads as follows:Bland Problem 1, Section 2.1...

Homework Statement Show that the sequence of partial sums s_{n} = 1+\sum_{i=1}^{n} \left(\prod_{k=1}^{i}\left( \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{k}\right)\right) converges, with n\in \mathbb{N}\cup \{0\} Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution [/B] So we want to find \lim_{n\to\infty} s_{n} =...

Svein submitted a new PF Insights post Further Sums Found Through Fourier Series Continue reading the Original PF Insights Post.

Evaluate the sum: $$S_n =\sum_{k=0}^{n}(-1)^k{3n \choose k}, \;\;\;n=1,2,...$$

(a) Since a = 2, that means $\displaystyle \begin{align*} \Delta x = \frac{2}{5} \end{align*}$ (b) $\displaystyle \begin{align*} f \left( \frac{7\,\Delta x}{2} \right) &= f \left( \frac{7}{5} \right) \\ &= \left( \frac{7}{5} \right) ^2 \\ &= \frac{49}{25} \end{align*}$ (c) $\displaystyle...

Suppose we had an infinite series - z = ∑i = 1 to ∞ ( α1(i)x1 + α2(i)x2 + . . . + αm(i)xm ) - rewritten as the cumulative sequence - z(n) = α1(n)x1 + α2(n)x2 + . . . + αm(n)xm - where the xj are linearly independent and normalized (and serve as a finite basis across the sequence). If all...

The sum of the $k$ th power of n variables $\sum_{i=1}^{i=n} x_i^k$ is a symmetric polynomial, so it can be written as a sum of the elementary symmetric polynomials. I do know about the Newton's identities, but just with the algorithm of proving the symmetric function theorem, what should we do...

Hello there. I'm here to request help with mathematics in respect to a problem of quantum physics. Consider the following function $$ f(\theta) = \sum_{l=0}^{\infty}(2l+1)a_l P_l(cos\theta) , $$ where ##f(\theta)## is a complex function ##P_l(cos\theta)## is the l-th Legendre polynomial and...