Angular Momentum: Deriving S_z Expression

[Nusc]

S_z = hbar/2 [ (|+><+|)-(|-><-|) ]


Normally we're given these relations, how does one derive them?

 

[kanato]

The general form of any operator in terms of its eigenvalues and eigenvectors is
<br /> A = \sum_a |a\rangle a \langle a |<br />
where |a> is the eigenvector with eigenvalue a. This is simply like expressing an operator in its diagonal basis, and the operator |a\rangle \langle a | is the projection operator for that eigenvector. That's what the S_z operator you've written is.

 

[Nusc]

Sorry. I don't see how that is derived. Can you show me explicitly?

What does that say about S_x?

S_x = hbar/2 [ (|+><-| + |-><+|)]

 

[SpectraCat]

S_z = hbar/2 [ (|+><+|)-(|-><-|) ]


Normally we're given these relations, how does one derive them?

Do you understand how the resolution of the identity works? The expression you have in square brackets is equal to 1 (more specifically the 2x2 identity matrix) ... do you understand why? That is a good place to start here ...

 

[Nusc]

There's a negative sign in front of |-><-| so its not the identity.

But (|+><+|)+(|-><-|) = 1 is.

Actually for an arbitrary set <br /> <br /> \sum_a |a\rangle \langle a | = 1<br /> <br />

|+> = ( 1 0 )^T
|-> = ( 0 1 )^T

 

[SpectraCat]

There's a negative sign in front of |-><-| so its not the identity.

But (|+><+|)+(|-><-|) = 1 is.

Actually for an arbitrary set <br /> <br /> \sum_a |a\rangle \langle a | = 1<br /> <br />

|+> = ( 1 0 )^T
|-> = ( 0 1 )^T

Sorry ... you are of course correct (it's late and I am not paying close enough attention). However, the equation you gave was generated from the resolution of the identity as follows:

S_z = S_z \{|+\rangle\langle+|\:+\:|-\rangle\langle-|\}

But of course,

S_z|+\rangle=\frac{\hbar}{2}|+\rangle;\:\:S_z|-\rangle=-\frac{\hbar}{2}|-\rangle

So we have (parentheses used to group terms for clarity):

S_z = (S_z|+\rangle)\langle+|\:+\:(S_z|-\rangle)\langle-| = \frac{\hbar}{2}[\:|+\rangle\langle+|\:-\:|-\rangle\langle-|\:]

As you correctly wrote. As for S_x, the treatment is basically the same, although you have to be a little bit careful at the beginning. I find it clearest to do the resolution of the identity in terms of the eigenstates of S_x (as opposed to |+> and |->, which are the eigenstates of S_z by convention). Then use the expressions for the S_x eigenstates in the basis of |+> and |-> to simplify the result.

EDIT: Ok, that TeX code came out pretty ugly, but it is correct .. let me know if you have any more questions. Bedtime now.

 

[Nusc]

What's S_x |+> and S_x |->?

 

[SpectraCat]

What's S_x |+> and S_x |->?

What do you think? Are you familiar with the Stern-Gerlach experiment? The |+> and |-> are eigenstates of S_z, so what should happen when the S_x operator is applied to them? Are S_z and S_x commuting operators?