Are There Unknown Forces in the Universe Beyond Gravity and Electromagnetism?

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The discussion centers on the existence of forces beyond the four known fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces. Participants explore the concept of dark energy, questioning whether it constitutes a distinct force or is merely an aspect of gravity as described by the cosmological constant in Einstein's equations. The cosmological constant, initially introduced by Einstein to support a steady-state universe, is revisited as potentially valid for explaining the universe's accelerated expansion. This raises debates about its historical significance and relevance in modern cosmology. Overall, the conversation highlights ongoing inquiries into the nature of forces in the universe.
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I know there are 4 forces
Gravity,Electromagnetisim,Strong and Weak

Does anyone know about any other forces, that they think are in the universe.
 
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The dark energy that causes the accelerated expansion of the universe might be considered a diffferent force, but if it is explained by the cosmological constant in Einstein's field equations, then it's just an aspect of gravity.
 
I thought the cosmological constant was one of Einstein's biggest flops? At least that's what I remember reading in some book...
 
Einstein introduced the cosmological constant for the wrong reason (he was trying to make his theory predict a steady-state universe). It seems there might a cosmological constant after all, but for an altogether different "reason," to explain the accelerating expansion of the universe.

- Warren
 

Thread 'Need help understanding particle physics and quantum physics'

So I know that electrons are fundamental, there's no 'material' that makes them up, it's like talking about a colour itself rather than a car or a flower. Now protons and neutrons and quarks and whatever other stuff is there fundamentally, I want someone to kind of teach me these, I have a lot of questions that books might not give the answer in the way I understand. Thanks
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